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De sign a nd Simula tion of Pv Wa te r Pumping Syste m - slide pdf.c om
ABSTRACT
This project deals with the design and simulation of solar water pumping system using ¼ watt single phase induction motor. The main scope is to provide an economic way of water pumping in sub-urban areas. The design and evaluation of an induction motor-driven water pumping system which is powered by solar panels is configured in this project. Simulation can be used to study the behavior of individual components of the system, study the interaction of various components, or fine-tune the set points of control device. The outputs of the simulation are available either in numeric or graphical form. The reason why an induction motor has been chosen is that these motors are cheaper and more robust than the more conventional DC motors. It is expected that, by using an induction motor, the system performance will improve significantly for the same investment. The efficiency of the AC drive for a 350 WP system was found to be 67%, which is similar to that of DC systems. The source of energy is from a photovoltaic (PV) module which is a current source.
The Modeling & Simulation of system has been carried out using MATLAB software. The practical implementation is also done.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
ABSTRACT
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
ix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xi
1.
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
1.1
INTRODUCTION
1
1.2 1.3
LITERATURE REVIEW OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
3 4
2.
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELLING
2.1
ENERGY AND ITS REQUIREMENT
5
2.2
BRIEF HISTORY OF SOLAR CELL
6
2.3
PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND POWER
7
GENERATION
2.3.1
Photovoltaic Cell
7
2.3.2
Photovoltaic generator
7
2.4
THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
9
2.5
SOME IMPORTANT DEINITIONS
9
2.6
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SOLAR CELL
11
2.6.1
Ideal Solar Cell
11
2.6.2
Parasitic Resistances
12
2.7
MATLAB MODEL OF A PV SYSTEM
12
2.8
SIMULATION OF A PV MODULE
14
3
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BUCKBOOST CONVERTER
3.1
NEED FOR CONVERTERS
17
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3.2
TYPES OF CONVERTERS
18
3.3
CHOICE OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTER
18
3.3.1.
Operation Of Buck Boost Converter
19
3.3.2
The Inverting Topology
19
3.3.3
A Buck Converter Followed By A Boost
20
Converter
3.4
SIMULATION OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTER
21
3.5
SIMULATION RESULTS OF BUCK BOOST
22
CONVERTER
4.
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER
4.1
NEED FOR AN INVERTER
23
4.2
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE
24
INVERTERS
4.3
FULL BRIDGE INVERTER
24
4.3.1
24
Principle Of Operation
4.4
APPLICATIONS
28
4.5
MATLAB SIMULINK
28
4.6
SIMULATION RESULTS
29
5
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
5.1
SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR AN
30
INTRODUCTION 5.2
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
31
5.2.1
Construction
31
5.2.2
Working Principle
32
5.2.3
Double Field Revolving Theory
33
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5.3
STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION
MOTORS
5.3.1
5.4
35
Capacitor Start Induction Motor
35
SIMULATION OF CAPACITOR RUN INDUCTION
36
MOTOR
5.4.1
No Load Test
37
5.4.2
Blocked Rotor Test
37
6
5.5
SIMULINK MODEL
37
5.6
SIMULATION RESULTS
39
HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
6.1
GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
41
6.2
OPTIONS CONSIDERED
42
6.2.1
Solar Array
42
6.2.2
Converter
42
6.2.3
DC Battery Source
44
6.2.4
Inverter
44
6.2.5
Single Phase Induction Motor
44
6.2.6
Astable Multivibrator
45
6.2.7
Hardware Results
47
7
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
7.1
CONCLUSION
53
7.2
FUTURE SCOPE
53
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APPENDIX I
54
APPENDIX II
57
REFERENCES
58
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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE NO.
Photovoltaic array integrated with components For charge regulation and storage
2.1
8
2.2
A solar cell in a simple circuit
2.3
Equivalent circuit of an ideal solar cell
12
2.4
Equivalent circuit including series and shunt
13
10
resistance
2.5
Matlab Simulink diagram of a PV module
14
2.6
V-I and P-V characteristics of PV module at STC
15
2.7
Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV
15
module for Various Insolation at Constant Temperature 0
T=25 C Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV
2.8
16
module for Various Temperature at Constant
Insolation G = 1000W/m2
3.1
Circuit of buck-boost converter
20
3.2
Simulation of buck-boost converter
22
3.3
Output characteristics of buck-boost converter
22
4.1
Mode1 operation of single phase inverter
25
4.2
Mode2 operation of single phase inverter
26
4.3 4.4
Mode3 operation of single phase inverter Mode4 operation of single phase inverter
27 28
4.5
Simulink model of single phase inverter
29
4.6
Output voltage of single phase inverter
29
5.1
Elementary single phase induction motor
31
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5.2
Flux Rotation
5.3
Torque-speed characteristic of a 1-phase induction
34 34
motor
5.4
(a) connection; (b) phasor diagram at start
36
5.5
Simulink model of induction motor
38
5.6
T-n characteristics of single phase induction motor
39
5.7
tion motor
39
5.8
Overall matlab simulink circuit
40
6.1
Block diagram of Photovoltaic water pumping system
41
6.2 6.3
Arrangement of solar PV array Hardware model of Buck Boost converter
42 43
6.4
Inverter and battery setup
44
6.5(a)
Water pumping arrangement
45
6.5(b)
Practical induction motor
45
6.6
Pcb circuit of an astable multivibrator
46
6.7
Entire setup of the PV water pumping system
47
6.8
Setup of the Induction Motor and the pump.
48
6.9
Astable multivibrator pulses
48
6.10
PIC control pulses
49
6.11
Inverter output voltage and Inverter output current
49
6.12
Battery charging current
50
6.13
Battery output voltage
6.14 6.15
and
Battery discharging current
50
Induction motor output current and output voltage Induction motor output voltage and current
51 51
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LIST OF SYMBOLS
K
- Boltzmanns constant (=1.381x10-23 J/K)
Vc
- Capacitor voltage of the converter
Q
- Charge of electron (=1.602x10 C)
ID
- Current through the diode in PV model
I sh
- Current through the shunt resistance
A
-
I r
-
D
- Duty ratio of converter
IL
- Inductor current of the converter
G
- Insolation level
Xm
-
I mp
- Maximum output current of PV panel
P mp
- Maximum Power of PV panel
Gn
- Nominal Insolation level (1000 W/m )
I pvn
- Nominal photocurrent of PV panel
Tn
-
V ocn
-
I scn
-
V oc
- Open circuit voltage of PV panel
I ph
-
-19
Diode Ideality factor (1< a< 2 for a single cell) Diode reverse saturation current in PV model
Magnetizing component of an induction motor
2
Nominal Temperature (273K) of PV panel Nominal value of open circuit voltage of PV panel Nominal value of short circuit current of PV panel
Photon generated current of the PV module
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I pv
- PV panel current
V pv
- PV panel Voltage
R r ,L r -
Rotor resistance and Inductance of Induction motor
R se
- Series Resistance in PV model
I sc
- Short Circuit current of PV panel
K i
-
R sh
- Shunt Resistance in PV model
R a ,L a
-
Short-circuit current temperature Coefficient in PV model
Stator resistance and Inductance of Induction motor
F
- Switching frequency of the converter
T
- Temperature
V ta
- Thermal Voltage (=aKT/q)
J se
- Short circuit current density
J dark
- Dark current density
Jo
- Constant - Efficiency
Vo Vs
- Output voltage of converter - Input voltage to the converter
L 1 ,C 1
-
V oi
- Output voltage from the inverter
V si
- Input voltage to the inverter
Ns
-
Inductance and Capacitance of the converter
Synchronous Speed of the induction motor
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CHAPTER 1
OVERVIEW OF THE PROJECT
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Water pumping has a long history; so many methods have been developed to pump water with a minimum of effort. These have utilized a variety of power sources, namely human energy, animal power, hydro power, wind, solar and fossil fuels for small generators. Nowadays the electric energy is mostly obtained from hydroelectric fossil or nuclear plants. In the past decades alternative and renewable energy sources have deserved a growing interest due to environmental issues. Considering that traditional energy sources are finite (e.g. petroleum), the costs per generated kWh are expected to be continuously hiking. On the other hand, the dissemination of energy generation plants, together with R&D in system components and processes, pulled the generation costs of alternative energy sources to levels in many cases competitive with traditional sources. Recent awareness of global warming and increasing prices of fossil fuels has drawn more attention towards the usage of renewable energy sources today. Among the various renewable energy systems, solar energy systems have the merits such as clean without any environmental pollution problems and infinite in mass, and are becoming one of our future energies .Using an abundant primary source, the solar photovoltaic (SPV) cells (associated in photovoltaic modules) convert the radiant energy from the sun directly into electricity.
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Albeit the various alternatives, solar energy comes at the top of the list due to its abundance, and more even distribution in nature than any other renewable energy such as wind, geothermal, hydro, wave and tidal energies . Moving on to the solar water pumping system, there is tremendous scope in this area particularly in India. Because, with about 300 clear, sunny days in a year, India's theoretical solar power reception, on only its land area, is about 5 Petawatthours per year (PWh / year) (i.e. 5 trillion kWh / year or about 600 TW). The daily 2
average solar energy incident over India varies from 4 to 7 kWh / m with about 15002000 sunshine hours per year (depending upon location), which is far more than current total energy consumption. For example, assuming the efficiency of PV modules was as low as 10%; this would still be a thousand times greater than the domestic electricity demand. This would be sufficient as well to meet the electricity demands in urban areas and electricity requirements for irrigation would be easily settled.
In this project, DC voltage obtained from solar PV array is boosted up using a buck-boost converter. The boosted voltage is fed into inverter to make it alternating in nature and this voltage is fed to induction motor. A centrifugal pump is driven that is mounted on the same shaft of induction motor. The individual components mentioned above are discussed in detail in forthcoming chapters.
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1.2 LITERATURE REVIEW
In 1993, the paper Optimized solar water pumping system based on induction motor driven centrifugal pump, by C.V. Nayar , E. Vasu , S.J. Phillips [11] suggests development of induction motor driven submersible centrifugal pump formed by two power electronic interfaces , each forming a
complete
photovoltaic system.
In 1993, the paper
Optimum matching of
direct coupled electro
mechanical loads to a photovoltaic generator by K. Khousem and L.Khousem [7] points out that the performance of photo voltaic pumping system based on an induction motor are degraded once the insulation varies far from the value called nominal, where the system was sized.
In 1996, the paper Development for a model for photovoltaic arrays suitable for use in simulation studies of solar energy conversion systems by J.A. Gow and C.D. Manning [4] focuses on developing a clean but effective system to characterize existing cells and generate device-dependent data that links environmental irradiance , temperature and electrical characteristics.
In 1995, the paper Simulation and Performance of photovoltaic pumping system by W. Lawrance , B. Richert and T. Langridge [8] describes an efficient system for pumping water using a Brushless D.C motor driven by PV array.
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In 2010, the paper A comparative study on performance improvement of a Photovoltaic pumping system by A. Betka and
A. Moussi [1] suggests the
optimal operation of photo voltaic pumping system based on induction motor driving a centrifugal pump .The optimization problem consists in maximizing the daily pumped water quantity via the optimization of motor efficiency for any operating point.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
To design a photovoltaic system that yields maximum efficiency so that this system can be used in sub urban areas. This project also aims at effective storage. The effective storage parameters are the volume of tank, height at which the tank is situated from the ground. So this project mainly focuses on effective storage of hydraulic energy.
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CHAPTER 2 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODELLING
2.1 ENERGY AND ITS REQUIREMENT
Energy is the basic unit of life. The existence of mankind is impossible without energy. This project is concerned about electrical energy. At the present scenario, the source of electrical energy is only from non-renewable resources. These resources have been continuously depleted to benefit mankind. However these non-renewable resources will not be available after a few decades. The only possible solution is the usage for renewable resources which are abundant in nature. Amongst the renewable resources the photovoltaic resource has a key role. This project focuses on utilizing the solar energy in an efficient way for water pumping in remote areas where electricity is always a major concern. Also solar PV systems do not require fuel and waste management and have no pollution problems. A solar cell is used to trap energy from sunlight. In order to process the power generated by the solar cell, converter is used at the output side of the solar cell. A buck- boost converter is chosen for water pumping application. The output voltage of the converter may contain ripples. To reduce these ripples LC filter is added after the converter. The only disadvantage in using solar PV system is the rise of initial cost. However researches are being carried on to overcome this.
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2.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF SOLAR CELL
The photo voltaic effect was first reported by Edmund Bequerel in 1839 when he observed that the action of light on a silver coated platinum electrode immersed in electrolyte produced an electric current. In 1876 William Adams and Richard Day found that photo current could be produced in a sample of selenium when heated by two heated platinum contacts. The photovoltaic action of the selenium differed from its photo conductive action in that a current was produced spontaneously by the action of light. No external power supply was needed. In 1894, Charles Fritts prepared what was probability the first large area solar cell by pressing a layer of selenium between gold and another metal. However, it was not the photo voltaic properties of materials like selenium which excited researchers, but the photoconductivity.
The fact that the current produced was proportional to the intensity of the incident light, and related to the wavelength in a definite way meant that photoconductive materials were ideal for photographic light meters. It was not until the 1950s, with the development of good quality silicon wafers for applications in the new solid state electronics, that potentially useful quantities of power were produced by photovoltaic devices in crystalline silicon. The first silicon solar cell was reported by Chapin, Fuller and Pearson in 1954 and converted sunlight with an efficiency of 6%, six times higher than previous attempt. Nevertheless, the early silicon solar cell did introduce the possibility of power generation in remote locations where fuel could not be easily delivered. The 6
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obvious application was to satellites where the requirement of reliability and low weight made the cost of cells unimportant and during the 1950s and 60s, silicon solar cells were widely developed for applications in space. 2.3 PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND POWER GENERATION 2.3.1 Photovoltaic Cell
The solar cell is the basic building block of solar photovoltaic. Solar cells consist of a p-n junction fabricated in a thin wafer or layer of semi-conductor the cell can be considered as a two terminal device which conducts like a diode in the dark and generates a photovoltaic voltage when charged by the sun. Usually it is a 2
thin slice of semiconductor material of around 100 cm area. The surface is treated to reflect as little visible light as possible and appears dark blue or black. A pattern of metal contacts is imprinted on the surface to make electrical contact. When charged by the sun, this basic unit generates a dc photo voltage of 0.5 to 1 volt and 2
in a short circuit, a photo current of some tens of milliamps per cm .
2.3.2 Photovoltaic Generator
Although the current is reasonable, the voltage is too small for most applications. To produce practical dc voltages the cells are connected together in series and encapsulated into modules. A module typically contains 28 to 36 cells in series, to generate a dc output voltage of 12 V in standard illumination conditions. 12 V modules can be used singly, or connected in parallel and series into an array with a larger current and voltage output. Cells within a module are integrated with 7
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bypass and blocking diodes in order to avoid the complete loss of power which would result if one cell in the series failed. Modules within arrays are similarly protected. The array, which is also called a photovoltaic generator, is designed to generate power at a certain current and voltage which is some multiple of 12 V, under standard illuminations.
For almost all applications, the illumination is also a variable for efficient operation all the time and the photovoltaic generator must be integrated with a charge storage system (a battery) and with components for power regulation as shown in Figure 2.1. The battery is used to store charge generated during sunny periods and the power conditioning ensures that the power supply is regular and less sensitive to the solar irradiation.
PV
Power
Generator
Conditioning
Load
Storage [Battery (dc) or grid (ac)]
Figure 2.1
Photovoltaic array integrated with components for charge regulation and Storage
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2.4 THE PHOTOVOLTAIC EFFECT
Solar photovoltaic energy conversion is a one-step conversion process which generates electrical energy from light energy. The explanation relies on ideas from quantum theory. Light is made up of packets energy, called
photons, whose
energy only depends upon the frequency, or colour, of the light. When exposed to light photons with energy greater than the band gap energy of semiconductor are absorbed and create electron-hole pair. These carriers are swept apart under the influence of the internal electric fields of the p-n junction and create a current proportional to incident radiation. When the cell is short circuited, this current flows in the external circuit; when open circuited, this current is shunted internally by the intrinsic p-n junction diode. Normally, when light is absorbed by matter, photons are given up to excite electrons to higher energy states within the material, but the excited electrons relax quickly back to their ground state.
In a photovoltaic device, however, there is some built-in asymmetry which pulls excited electrons away before they can loosen up, and feeds them to an external circuit. The extra energy of the excited electrons generates a potential difference, or electro-motive force (e.m.f). This force drives the electrons through a load in the external circuit to do electrical work . 2.5 SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS
Open circuit voltage: When a solar cell is switched on by light it develops a voltage or e.m.f. analogous to the e.m.f. of the battery. The voltage developed 9
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when the terminals are isolated (infinite load resistance) is called open circuit voltage V oc .
Short circuit current: The current drawn when the terminals are connected
together is called the short circuit current I sc . Since current is roughly proportional to the illuminated area, the short current density J sc is a useful quantity. For any intermediate load resistance R L the cell develops a voltage V between 0 and V oc and delivers a current I such that V= IR L and I(V) is determined by the current voltage characteristic of the cell under that illumination. A simple circuit of a solar cell is shown in Figure 2.2. solar cell
Load
Figure 2.2 A solar cell in a simple circuit
Dark current density: When a load is present, a potential difference
develops between the terminals of the cell. This potential difference develops between the terminals of the cell. This potential difference generates a current which acts in the opposite direction to the photocurrent, and net current is reduced 10
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from its short circuit value. This reverse current is usually called dark current. For an ideal diode the dark current density J dark (V) varies like
J dark (V) = Jo (eqV / kT 1)
(2.1)
where J o is a constant, k is Boltzmanns constant and T is the temperature in degrees Kelvin.
Efficiency: The efficiency of the cell is the power density delivered at the
operating point as a fraction of the incident light power density, PS . These four quantities J SC, V OC, FF and efficiency are the key performance characteristics of a solar cell. All of these should be defined for particular illumination conditions.
The Standard Test Condition (STC) for solar cells is the Air Mass 1.5 spectrum, an incident power density of 1000 W m -2, and a temperature of 25 o C. 2.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A SOLAR CELL 2.6.1 Ideal Solar Cell
Electrically the solar cell is equivalent to a current generator in parallel with an asymmetric non-linear resistive element i.e. a diode. When illuminated, the ideal cell produces a photocurrent proportional to the light intensity. That photo current is divided between the variable resistance of the diode and the load. For higher resistances, more of the photocurrent flows through the diode, resulting in a 11
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higher potential difference between the cell terminals but smaller current through the load. The load thus provides the photo voltage. As per the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 2.3, without diode there is nothing to drive the photocurrent through the load.
Figure 2.3 Equivalent circuit of an ideal solar cell
2.6.2 Parasitic Resistances
In real cells, power is dissipated through the resistance of the contacts and leakage currents around the sides of the device. These effects are equivalent to two parasitic resistances in series (R se ) and in parallel (R sh ) with the cell. The series resistance arises from the resistance of the cell material to current flow and it is a particular problem at high current densities, for instance under concentrated light. The parallel or shunt resistance arises from the leakage of current through the cell and is a problem in poorly rectifying devices. Series and parallel resistance reduce the fill factor. For an efficient cell R S should be small and R SH as large as possible. From Figure 2.4, when parasitic resistances are included, the diode equation becomes J = J SC - J O ( eq ( V + JARs ) / kt ) 1 - ( V+JARs ) / R sh
(2.2)
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Figure 2.4 Equivalent circuit including series and shunt resistance
2.7 MATLAB MODEL OF A PV SYSTEM
A single diode model is used for the modeling of PV module. The advantage of using PV module is that the direct conversion of light energy into electricity is directly possible and also it is static in nature. The PV cell has nonlinear characteristics. The output voltage from the PV module depends on insolation and temperature gradient. A group of solar PV cells together form the PV power generation system. Equations (1)-(4) are used for the mathematical modeling of PV cell. The output current from PV panel is given as
I pv I ph ID Ish (2.3)
Photon generated current of the PV panel, I ph is given as
I ph
K i T T n
I pvn
G
Gn
(2.4)
The current through the diode is calculated as 13
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ID
I
and
r
Ir exp (V pv
I pvR se )Vta 1
(2.5)
K i (T T n) I scn
expK v(T T n) V ocnV ta 1
(2.6)
2.8 SIMULATION OF PV MODULE
The MATLAB-SIMULINK model for the PV panel is as shown in Figure 2.5 and the results are presented in Figure 2.6.
Figure 2.5 MATLAB- Simulink diagram of PV module
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Figure 2.6 V-I and P-V characteristics of PV module at STC
Datasheet for a solar PV module available in lab (SOLKAR panel) is presented in Appendix. The characteristics for different illumination levels and different temperature conditions are presented in Figure 2.7 and Figure 2.8 respectively.
Figure 2.7 Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV module for Various Insolation at 0 Constant Temperature T=25 C
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Figure 2.8 Simulated V-I and V-P Characteristics of SPV module for Various Temperature 2
at Constant Insolation G = 1000W/m
Thus the solar PV model was simulated using Simulink and the above mentioned results were obtained.
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CHAPTER 3
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
3.1 NEED FOR CONVERTERS
In many industrial applications, it is required to convert a fixed voltage DC source into a variable voltage DC source. A DC-DC converter converts directly from dc to dc and is known as a DC converter. A dc converter can be considered as DC equivalent of an AC transformer with a continuously variable turns ratio. Like a transformer, it can be used to step down or step up a dc voltage source.
DC converters are widely used for traction motor control in electric automobiles, trolley cars, marine hoists, forklift trucks and mine haulers. They provide smooth acceleration control, high efficiency and fast dynamic response.
DC converters can be used in regenerative breaking of dc motors to return energy back to the supply, and this feature results in energy savings for transportation systems with frequent stops. DC converters are used in dc voltage regulators; and also are used, in conjunction with an inductor, to generate a dc current source, especially for current source inverter.
DC-DC converter is nothing more than a DC transformer or a device that provides a loss less transfer of energy between different circuits at different voltage levels. When DC-DC conversion is needed there is also a need for control and a 17
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need for higher efficiencies. If the latter were not important we could just use a voltage divider and get the change in voltage we are looking for. In modern dc electronics we need more than just voltage reduction. What really are needed are voltage transfers, polarity reversals, and increased and decreased voltages with control. One method of building a dc transformer is to use switching converters called choppers. The provided switching function requires a duty ratio, which will give us the control that has been needed. 3.2 TYPES OF CONVERTERS
By the principle of operation, they are of two types of converters .They are 1. Step up converters 2. Step down converters The four basic topologies of converters are 1. Buck converters 2. Boost converters 3. Buck-boost converters 4. Cuk converters 3.3 CHOICE OF BUCK BOOST CONVERTER
The choice of converter is based on constant charging current. Based on the duty cycle of converter it can operate in two modes basically 1. buck mode 2. boost mode 18
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When the PV system is fed using battery, the system operates in buck mode When the PV system uses solar energy, it operates in boost mode
3.3.1 Operation of Buck-Boost Converter
The buck boost converter is a type of dc-dc converter that has output voltage magnitude greater or lesser than input voltage magnitude. Two different topologies are called buck-boost converter. Both of them can produce a range of output voltages, from an output voltage much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the input voltage, down to almost zero.
3.3.2 The Inverting Topology
The output voltage is opposite polarity of input. This is a switched mode power supply with a similar circuit topology to boost converter and buck converter. The output voltage is adjustable based on duty cycle of the switching transistor. One possible drawback of this converter is that the switch does not have a terminal at ground, this complicates driving circuitry. Neither drawback is of any consequence if power supply is isolated from the load circuit as the supply and diode polarity can simply be reversed. The switch can be either on ground side or on supply side.
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3.3.3 A Buck Converter Followed By a Boost Converter
The output polarity is of same polarity as input, can be lower or higher than input. Such a non-inverting buck boost converter may use a single inductor that is both used as buck inductor or boost inductor. Operation
As shown in Figure 3.1, the output voltage polarity of buck boost regulator is opposite to that of input voltage. Hence it is also called inverting regulator.
Figure 3.1 Circuit of buck-boost converter
The switch used here is generally a MOSFET. The L, C and D are the filtering components. T is the transistor switch. The output current is shown negative. T is turned at t=0. It conducts from 0 to dt. Hence the current flows through inductance. Diode is reverse biased. Inductance stores the energy from 0 to dt. The current through inductor keeps on increasing. The capacitor discharges and supplies current to the load. Load current is assumed to be continuous and ripple free. The output voltage varies according to capacitor voltage. 20
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At dT the transistor switch is turned off. Inductance generates the voltage L(di L /dt),this forward biases diode D. The inductance supplies energy to load from dT to T. Hence inductor current decreases. The capacitor is also charged. Hence its voltage also rises. The average output voltage is given as
V o
D V s 1 D
Converter design equations are given as follows,
L1
(1 D) DR 2 f
D C1
2 fR
Where R is the load of the converter, and D is the duty cycle of the converter. 3.4 SIMULATION OF BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
The Simulink model of the Buck-Boost converter is presented in the Figure 3.2. By varying the duty cycle, it is made to operate two modes. 21
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Figure 3.2 Simulation of buck-boost converter
3.5 SIMULATION RESULTS OF BUCK-BOOST COVERTER
The simulation of buck-boost converter was carried on using MATLABSIMULINK and the results are presented in Figure 3.3.
(a)
(b)
Figure 3.3 Output characteristics of buck-boost converter
The buck-boost converter was designed and simulated.
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CHAPTER 4
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTER
4.1 NEED FOR INVERTER
An inverter is an
electrical
device
that
converts direct
current (DC)
to alternating current (AC).The converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and control circuits. Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier .
The output voltage waveform of the inverter can be square wave, quasi square wave or low distorted sine wave. The output voltage can be controlled with the help of drives of switches. The inverters can be classified as voltage source inverters or current source inverters. When input DC voltage remains constant, then it is called voltage source inverter (VSI) or voltage fed inverter. When input current is maintained constant, then it is called current source inverter (CSI) or current fed inverter (CFI). Sometimes, the DC input voltage to the inverter is controlled to adjust the output. Such inverters are called variable DC link inverters.
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4.2 GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE PHASE INVERTERS
1. Half bridge inverter 2. Full bridge inverter
Here for the sake of conversion of the DC voltage obtained from the buck-boost converter to an AC voltage in order to feed it to the induction motor, single phase inverter is considered.
4.3 FULL BRIDGE INVERTER
The diodes are required for feedback when the load is inductive. Here for separate simulation of the inverter, a resistive load is used. When the load is resistive, does not carry any current. 4.3.1 Principle of Operation
A Single phase bridge voltage source inverter is shown in Fig.1. It consists of four MOSFETS or say switches. When MOSFETS 1 and 2 are turned on simultaneously, the input voltage V dc appears across the load. If switches 3 and 4 are turned on at the same time, the voltage across the load is reversed and is V dc . The modes of conduction are shown from Figure.4.1 to Figure 4.4. The rms output voltage can be found from the following equation
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V oi
2
T o
2
T o
2 0
2 si
V dt (4.1)
Hence the output voltage of the inverter can be obtained theoretically and
compared with the practical results.
M ode –1 (1, 2 conduct)
1 and 2 are applied to the drive at t=0. But they dont conduct until t1 . Diodes, D1 and D2 conduct from 0 to t 1 .
Figure 4.1 Mode1 operation of single phase inverter
Hence 1 and 2 are reverse biased and they do not conduct. From t1 to T/2, 1 and 2 conduct. The load current is positive and it increases from 0 to +I max . 25
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M ode –2 (D3 and D 4 conduct)
At T/2, switches 1 and 2 are turned off and 3 and 4 are applied drives. The load inductance (in case of RL load) generates a large voltage. The diodes D3 and D4 are forward biased due to the inductance voltage. These diodes conduct and output current flows through DC supply. This is called as feedback operation.
Figure 4.2 Mode2 operation of single phase inverter
There is negative current when D3 and D4 conduct and hence 3 and 4 are reverse biased and they dont conduct even though base drives are applied. When the load becomes zero say at t 2 3 and 4 start conducting.
M ode –3 (3 and 4 condu ct)
At t 2 the switches 3 and 4 start conducting. The output current is negative and increases to I max. 26
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Figure 4.3 Mode3 operation of single phase inverter
The supply current is positive and the output voltage is negative during this period.
M ode –4 (D1 and D 2 conduct)
At T, 3 and 4 are turned off and 1 and 2 are applied to the drive. The output
current is I max. Hence load inductance generates large voltage. Due to this voltage the diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased.
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Figure 4.4 Mode4 operation of single phase inverter
Hence they start conducting. The load energy is fed back to DC supply whenever diodes conduct. The output voltage waveform is square wave having amplitudes of ±V dc.. 4.4 APPLICATIONS
DC power source utilization, uninterruptible power supplies, induction heating, HVDC power transmission, variable frequency derives air conditioning etc.
4.5 MATLAB SIMULINK
As explained above, a single phase inverter was modeled using the matlab simulink model and circuit is shown in the Figure 4.5.
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Figure 4.5 Simulink model of single phase inverter
4.6 SIMULATION RESULTS
Figure 4.6 shows the output voltage characteristics of the single phase inverter.
Figure 4.6 Output voltage of single phase inverter
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CHAPTER 5 DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR 5.1 SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR-AN INTRODUCTION
An induction or asynchronous motor is a type of AC motor where power is supplied to the rotor by means of electromagnetic induction. These motors are widely used in industrial drives, particularly poly phase induction motors, because they are rugged and have no brushes. Single-phase versions are used in small appliances. Their speed is determined by the frequency of the supply current, so they are most widely used in constant-speed applications, although variable speed versions, using variable frequency drives are becoming more common. The most common type is the squirrel cage motor, and this term is sometimes used for induction motors generally. The characteristics of single phase induction motors are identical to 3-phase induction motors except that single phase induction motor has no inherent starting torque and some special arrangements have to be made for making it self-starting. It follows that during starting period the single phase induction motor has to be converted to a type which is not a single phase induction motor in the sense in which the term is ordinarily used and it becomes a true single phase induction motor when it is running and after the speed and torque have been raised to a point beyond which the additional device may be dispensed with. The starting device adds to the cost of the motor and also requires more space.
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Figure 5.1 Elementary single phase induction motor
An induction motor with a cage rotor and a single phase stator winding is shown schematically in Figure 5.1. The actual stator winding is distributed in slots so as to produce an approximately sinusoidal space distribution of mmf. With regard to this project the main cause for the choice of an induction motor is, it has high efficiency when compared to conventional dc motors, also the optimal size and cost. The frequent speed control of induction motors is also possible.
5.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 5.2.1 Construction
Similar to a DC motor single phase induction motor has basically two main parts, one rotating and other stationary. The stationary part is called stator while the rotating part is the rotor. The stator has a laminated construction, made up of stampings. The stampings are slotted on its periphery to carry the stator or the main winding. This is excited by a single phase supply. The stator winding is wound for certain definite number of poles means when excited by a single phase a.c supply, 31
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stator produces a magnetic field which creates the effect of certain number. The number of poles for which the winding is wound decides the synchronous speed of the motor, denoted as Ns.
Ns =
(5.1)
The induction motor never rotates in the synchronous speed but rotates at a speed which is slightly less than the synchronous speed. The rotor construction is of squirrel cage type. In this type, rotor consists of un-insulated copper or aluminium bars placed in the slots. The bars are permanently shorted at both the ends with the help of conducting rings called end rings. Since they are shorted the resistance is very small. The air gap between stator and rotor is kept uniform and as small as possible. The main feature of rotor is that it automatically adjusts itself for same number of poles as that of stator windings. 5.2.2 Working Principle
For the motoring action there must exists two fluxes which interact with each other to produce the torque. In DC motors, field winding produces the main flux while DC supply given to the armature is responsible to produce armature flux. The main flux and the armature flux interact to produce the torque.
In the single phase induction motor single phase AC supply is given to the stator winding. The stator winding carries an alternating current which produces the flux which is also alternating in nature. This flux is called the main flux. This 32
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flux links with the rotor conductors and due to transformer action e.m.f. gets induced in the rotor. The induced e.m.f. drives current through the rotor as rotor circuit is closed circuit. This rotor current produces another flux called rotor flux required for the motoring action. Thus second flux is produced according to the induction principle due to induced e.m.f hence the motor is named so. The single phase is not self-starting which can be explained through the double field revolving theory. 5.2.3 Double Field Revolving Theory
Any alternating quantity can be resolved into two rotating components which rotate in opposite directions and each having a magnitude as half of the maximum magnitude of the alternating quantity. In case of single phase induction motor, the stator winding produces an alternating magnetic field having maximum magnitude of
m. According to this theory, two components of the stator flux ,
each having magnitude half of maximum magnitude of start flux. Both these components are rotating in the opposite direction at the synchronous speed which is dependent on frequency and stator poles. Let
f is the forward component
rotating in anticlockwise direction while b is the backward component rotating in anticlockwise direction. The resultant of these two fluxes at any instant gives the instantaneous value o the stator flux at that instant. As shown in Figure 5.2, the resultant of these two is the original flux.
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Figure 5.2 Flux Rotation
Both the components are rotating and hence get cut by the rotor conductors. Due to cutting of flux, e.m.f gets induced in rotor which circulates rotor current. The rotor flux interacts with
f to produce a torque in one particular direction say
anticlockwise, while rotor flux interacts with backward component, b, to produce a torque in clockwise direction. At start, these two torques are equal in magnitude
Figure 5.3 Torque-speed characteristic of a 1 phase induction motor taking into account the changes in flux
and opposite in direction. Each torque tries to rotate the rotor in its own direction. Thus the net torque experienced by the rotor is zero at start and hence the single phase induction motors are not self-starting as represented by Figure 5.3. 34
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5.3 STARTING OF SINGLE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
The single phase motors are always classified based on their starting methods. Appropriate selection of these motors depends upon the starting and the torque requirements of the load, duty cycle, and limitations on the starting and the running current drawn from the supply by these motors. Following are the starting methods available.
(a) Split-phase induction motor (b) Capacitor start induction motor (c) Permanent split-capacitor motor (d) Capacitor start-capacitor run motor (e) Shaded pole induction motor
In this project, based on the water pump, the capacitor start induction
motor has been opted.
5.3.1 Capacitor Start Induction Motor
Capacitors are used to improve the starting and the running performance of the motors. The capacitor start induction motor is also a split phase induction motor. From Figure 5.4 it is inferred that a capacitor of a suitable value is added in series with the auxiliary winding through a switch such that I a the current in the auxiliary winding leads the current I m in the main coil by 90 degrees in time phase so that the starting torque is maximum for certain values of Ia and I m . Since the two windings are displaced by 90 degrees, maximum torque is developed at start. 35
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However the auxiliary winding and the capacitor are disconnected after the motor has picked up speed of about 75% of the synchronous speed. The motor will start without any humming noise. However after the auxiliary winding is disconnected, there will be some noise.
Figure 5.4 (a) connection; (b) phasor diagram at start
Since the auxiliary winding and the capacitor are used intermittently, these can be designed for minimum cost. However, it is found that the best compromise among the factors of starting torque, starting current and costs results with a phase angle somewhat less than 90 degree between I a and I m. 5.4 SIMULATION OF CAPACITOR RUN INDUCTION MOTOR
The double field revolving theory can be effectively used to obtain the equivalent circuit of a single phase induction. The method consists of determining the values of both the fields clockwise and anticlockwise at any given slip. When the two fields are known, the torque produced by each can be obtained. The difference between these two torques is, the net torque acting on the rotor. Certain tests are performed on the induction motor in order to obtain the required 36
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parameters of the equivalent circuit. The tests conducted are no-load test or open circuit test and blocked rotor test or short circuit test
5.4.1 No-Load Test
The test is conducted by rotating the motor without load. The input current, voltage and power are measured.
W0
=
V0
I0
cos
(5.2)
The motor speed is almost equal to the synchronous speed in this condition. Hence slip is assumed be zero.
5.4.2 Blocked Rotor Test
In this test, the rotor is held still such that it will not rotate. A reduced voltage is applied to limit the short circuit current. And this voltage can be adjusted by the help of auto transformer.
5.5 SIMULINK MODEL
The equivalent circuit obtained resembles the transformer model. It is given in the following Figure 5.5.
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Figure 5.5 Simulink model of induction motor
The equations used to derive the torque and speed of the equivalent circuit shown in Figure 5.5 are given as, P f = (I f )2.
. Forward power equation
(5.3) P f = (I b )2.
. Backward power equation
(5.4)
T f = P f ;
(5.5)
T b = P b
(5.6)
Therefore, the net torque is given in equation (7)
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T = T f - T b (5.7) And also %efficiency =
* 100
(5.8)
5.6 SIMULATION RESULTS
From the above equations [3] to [8] , torque and efficiency are calculated and they are plotted against speed as shown in Figure 5.6 and 5.7.
Figure 5.6 T-N characteristics of single phase induction motor
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racteristics of single phase induction motor
Induction motor parameters
¼ HP motor; R a =5.9 ; L a =0.048H; X m =0.374H; R r =101 ; L r =3.21mH; C s =0.64to1.2 The complete simulation circuit is shown in Figure 5.8.
Figure 5.8 Overall Matlab Simulink circuit
Hence the software implementation was carried out using the MATLAB software.
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CHAPTER 6 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
6.1 GENERAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
As shown in the Figure 6.1 above, the PV module receives energy from th e sunlight. This form of thermal energy is converted into electric energy through photovoltaic effect. This output voltage of the PV module is of very less value, and needs to be boosted up. Here comes the usage of buck boost converter. i.e. the output voltage of the PV module is fed to the converter.
Figure 6.1 Block diagram of Photovoltaic water pumping system
Thus the voltage is boosted up to the desired value. Since we use an AC motor, the voltage needs to be inverted. Hence the inverter gains its role. The dc 41
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form of voltage is thus inverter and is fed into the induction motor which is connected to the pump in the same shaft.
6.2 OPTIONS CONSIDERED 6.2.1 Solar Array
Specification of the photovoltaic module as shown in Figure 6.2 Voltage
:
21.2V
Current
:
2.55A
Power rating
:
37W
No. of cells/module
:
36 cells
No. of panels
:
7 panels
3X3 Panel Board
Electronic Load
Solar Panels
Electronic Load Figure 6.2 Arrangement of Solar PV Array
6.2.2 Converter
A DC-DC converter is a device that accepts a DC input voltage and produces a DC output voltage. Typically the output produced is at a different 42
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voltage level than the input. The converter we researched for the purpose considered in this project was a buck-boost converter. It starts at the lowest input voltage. The components used to design the hardware of the converter as shown in Figure 6.3. Mosfet
: IRF460
Power Diode
: 1N5408
Capacitor
: 0.3µF, 60V
Inductor
: e-core type, 1.23mH
Control Circuit
Power Circuit
Figure 6.3 Hardware model of Buck-Boost converter
The power circuit was made to operate in both the modes by varying the duty cycle and hence the voltage was made to boost. 43
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6.2.3 DC Battery Source
In order to the store the energy when the power is not utilized a battery source was included after the converter circuit. Hardware setup as shown in Figure 6.4 Ratings of the Battery: 600VA
Figure 6.4 Inverter and battery set up
6.2.4 Inverter
It is a device which converts the DC to AC. A single phase inverter which was available in the laboratory was utilized for this purpose. Ratings of the Inverter: 50 Hz 6.2.5 Single Phase Induction Motor
For practical purpose the single phase induction motor available in the laboratory was made use. Hardware setup as shown in Figure 6.5 44
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Ratings of the Motor: ¼ watt
Figure 6.5(a) Water Pumping Arrangement
Figure 6.5(b) Practical induction motor
6.2.6 Astable Multivibrator
In order to count the number of water cycles the induction motor has pumped the astable multivibrator was utilized. At t 1 , the water begins to discharge 45
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and t 2 is the time taken to complete the cycle, hence t1-t2 gives the time taken to fill up the volume of the tank.
Components Used:
Diode
:
1N4007
Resistor
:
10.1K , 4.37K
Capacitor
:
0.01µF, 0.1µF
The hardware setup of astable multivibrator is as shown in Figure 6.6
Figure 6.6 PCB circuit of an astable multivibrator
The circuit has been connected and the output pulses generated were verified. The output pulse was almost to be 4V.
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6.2.7 Hardware Results
The layout for the hardware setup of the PV pumping system is shown in Figure 6.7. Input to the boost converter is provided by the Solar Photo voltaic module.
Figure 6.7 Entire setup of the PV water pumping system
By inter connecting the system, the following results were obtained. The Voltage from the solar photovoltaic module was fed to the converter. The respective control pulses were obtained for the converter. As shown in Figure.8, astable multivibrator was connected to the induction motor. The pulses from the multi vibrator are shown in Figure 6.9. Thus according to the pulses (Figure 6.9), the beep sound appears whenever the water begins to discharge.
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Figure 6.8 Setup of the Induction Motor and the pump.
Figure 6.9 Astable multivibrator pulses
The control pulses for the converter generated from the PIC controller for various duty cycles are shown in Figure 6.10 48
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(a) 70% duty cycle
(b) 80% duty cycle Figure 6.10 PIC control pulses
Thus when the MOSFET is triggered using the pulse as shown in Figure 6.10, the voltage is boosted up and is fed to the inverter. The generated output characteristics of inverter are shown in Figure 6.11
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.11 Inverter output voltage and Inverter output current
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Under poor illumination conditions, battery can be used as a back-up. When the converter is to be operated in buck mode, the inverter gets its supply from the battery. The charging current and discharging current of the battery are shown in Figure 6.12.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.12 Battery charging current
and
Battery discharging current
Figure 6.13 shows battery output voltage, which is fed to inverter under poor illumination conditions.
Figure 6.13 Battery output voltage 50
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The output voltage and current of the induction motor during the running condition are measured using the Digital Storage Oscilloscope and are shown in Figure 6.14 and Figure 6.15. The input to the induction motor is given from the inverter.
(a)
(b)
Figure 6.14 Induction motor output current and output voltage
Figure 6.15 Induction motor output voltage and current 51
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Thus the implementation of design, simulation and implementation of the photovoltaic water pumping system was carried out. As per the facilities available in the solar research lab, 9 photovoltaic panels were available, from which a total of 110V of voltage is obtained which was given to the converter circuit, which is boosted up to the level required by the inverter i.e. 230V approx. Then this voltage is given to the induction motor which drives the ¼ hp water pump and hence the water is pumped. Hence the theoretical and the practical results were made to coordinate.
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CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
7.1 CONCLUSION
In this project analysis of PV fed water pumping system has been carried out. To extract maximum power buck-boost converter is used. The outcome of the project is effective hydraulic storage. Though direct coupled dc motors with PV systems are already in use at present, an induction motor paves the way to achieve maximum efficiency. A battery is included in the system which stores energy when system is not in use. So even in case of pure sunlight conditions, this can serve the purpose. Though the power conversion capability of solar cell is limited, researches are being done to improve the same. In this project simulation results have been presented for low voltage levels but the concept can be extended to higher voltage levels with same inferences for industrial purpose. 7.2 FUTURE SCOPE
The agricultural side of the world, particularly India, is facing much more problems due to the insufficient availability of technology. So the main idea of this project lies here. In order to develop an economical system of water pumping in rural or sub urban areas this project was developed. The induction motor could be further increased in its efficiency by many methods. Future researches in this area will definitely prove to be worthwhile. Since constant and rapid researches are performed to develop the solar panel into a more economical model, the solar energy would serve the future scope for electricity.
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APPENDIX I
A 1.1 EXIDE POWERSAFE BATTERIES: Charge Parameters
Charge Voltage Applications
Temperature Cut-off Point
Range
Max Charge Current
O
Cyclic Use
27 C
14.7
14.6 - 14.8
0.2 CA
Standby Use
27 C
O
13.53
13.38 13.68
0.2 CA
O
Temperature Compensation Coefficient : 5 mV/ C O (Cyclic)/-3mV/ C(Standby)
Ratings:
Voltage: 12V Current: 100Ah Standby Use 13.6V 13.8V Cycle Use 14.6V - 14.8V Maximum Initial Current 20A Voltage Regulation 27O C
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2
A 1.2 MICROTEK UPS EV/E MODELS: Technical Specifications
Input Voltage
100V 300V(Wide Input Voltage Range)
180V 260V(Normal Input Voltage Range)
Output Voltage On Mains Mode
Same as input
Output Voltage on UPS mode
200V 230V ± 10%
Output Frequency on UPS Mode Switching from mains to UPS and from
50Hz ± 0.1Hz Automatic
UPS to mains Output waveform on mains mode
Same as Input
Output waveform on UPS mode
TPZi
waveform(TRAPEZOIDAL WAVEFORM) Battery charging current
Constant charging approx. 10% of the rated battery
Charger
Current in AH Constant current, constant
wattage 2
Efficiency
EV models > 84% E models >
87% UPS overload / UPS short circuit
110%/300%
UPS transfer time
15ms 55
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Browns out mains voltage
100V ± 40V
Technology
MICROCONTROLLER
BASED DESIGN Auto Reset Feature
Yes
Front Panel
LED Indications 1. Mains on 2. UPS on 3. Battery charging a. LED Continuously Glows When Charged b. LED Blinks When Battery Is Charging 4. Fuse Blown 5. UPS Overload 6. Battery Low Back Panel
1. Mains Input Terminal Block/Lead For AC Input 2. Circuit Breaker for mains overload / short circuit protection. 2 (4Amps/6Amps for UPSE 275 / 400 Model, 6Amps / 7Amps for UPSEB / 2
2
E 600 / 625 model, 8Amps/ 10 Amps for UPSEB / E 1400/1550 Model). 3. Output socket for load 4. Positive Battery Lead. 56
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5. Negative Battery Lead 6. Slide Switch for Mains Input Voltage Range Selection 7. Slide Switch to Select the Maximum Charging Voltage. (This switch is not in UPSE 2 275/400 model) (HIGH = 14.2VDC / Standard(STD)=13.8VDC) Select the appropriate Voltae as recommended by the Battery Manufacturer/Supplier. CAUTION: Proper selection of switch position is recommended based on the battery manufacturers specifications, for proper backup and also to avoid any damage to the battery due to wrong selection. 2 8. Fuse ( 10Amp Slow Blow for UPSEB/E 600/625/850/875/1400/1550 models , 2Amp Slow Blow or UPSE 2 275/400 model) for Charger.
A 1.3 SOLAR PANEL SPECIFICATIONS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Rated Power (P max ) Voltage at maximum power (V mp ) Current at maximum power (I mp ) Open Circuit Voltage (V oc ) Short Circuit Current (I sc ) Size of Solar module Total number of cells in series Total number of cells in parallel Cell arrangement(row x col)
37.08W 16.56V 2.25A 21.24V 2.55A 990mm x 440mm 36 0 6x6
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1N4001 – 1N4007
Pb
1.0A STANDARD DIODE Features
Diffused Junction Low Forward Voltage Drop High Current Capability High Reliability High Surge Current Capability
A
B
A
Mechanical Data
C
Case: DO-41, Molded Plastic Terminals: Plated Leads Solderable per MIL-STD-202, Method 208 Polarity: Cathode Band Weight: 0.35 grams (approx.) Mounting Position: Any Marking: Type Number Lead Free: For RoHS / Lead Free Version, Add “-LF” Suffix to Part Number, See Page 4
D Dim
DO-41 Min
A
25.4
—
B
4.06
5.21
C D
0.71 2.00
0.864 2.72
Max
All Dimensions in mm
Maximum Ratings and Electrical Characteristics
@T A=25°C unless otherwise specified
Single Phase, half wave, 60Hz, resistive or inductive load. For capacitive load, derate current by 20%.
Characteristic Peak Repetitive Reverse Voltage Working Peak Reverse Voltage DC Blocking Voltage RMS Reverse Voltage
Symbol
1N 4001
1N 4002
1N 4003
1N 4004
1N 4005
1N 4006
1N 4007
Unit
VRRM VRWM VR
50
100
200
400
600
800
1000
V
VR(RMS)
35
70
140
280
420
560
700
V
Average Rectified Output Current (Note 1) @T A = 75°C
IO
1.0
A
Non-Repetitive Peak Forward Surge Current 8.3ms Single half sine-wave superimposed on rated load (JEDEC Method)
IFSM
30
A
Forward Voltage
@I F = 1.0A
VFM
1.0
V
@T A = 25°C @T A = 100°C
IRM
5.0 50
µA
C j
15
pF
50
°C/W
T j
-65 to +125
°C
TSTG
-65 to +150
°C
Peak Reverse Current At Rated DC Blocking Voltage
Typical Junction Capacitance (Note 2) Typical Thermal Resistance Junction to Ambient (Note 1) Operating Temperature Range Storage Temperature Range
R
JA
Note: 1. Leads maintained at ambient temperature at a distance of 9.5mm from the case 2. Measured at 1.0 MHz and Applied Reverse Voltage of 4.0V D.C.
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MARKING INFORMATION
TAPING SPECIFICATIONS 0.8mm MAX
5mm
1N400x WTE
Cathode 1N400x x WTE
= Polarity Band = Device Number = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 or 7 = Manufacturers Logo
1.2mm MAX
6mm
0.8mm MAX
52.4mm Cathode Tape: Red Anode Tape: White
PACKAGING INFORMATION TAPE & BOX TAPE & REEL Product ID Label
150mm
Inspection Hole (both ends)
330mm 255mm
75mm
BULK 80±5mm
Product ID Label
20mm
84mm 198mm
Packaging
Reel Diameter / Box Size (mm)
Quantity (PCS)
Carton Size (mm)
Quantity (PCS)
Approx. Gross Weight (KG)
TAPE & REEL
330
5,000
370 x 370 x 420
25,000
13.0
TAPE & BOX
255 x 75 x 150
5,000
400 x 273 x 415
50,000
21.0
BULK
198 x 84 x 20
1,000
459 x 214 x 256
50,000
19.5
Note: 1. Paper reel, white or gray color. Core material: plastic or metal. 2. Components are packed in accordance with EIA standard RS-296-E.
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ORDERING INFORMATION Product No.
Package Type
Shipping Quantity
1N4001-T3
DO-41
5000/Tape & Reel
1N4001-TB 1N4001
DO-41 DO-41
5000/Tape & Box 1000 Units/Box
1N4002-T3
DO-41
5000/Tape & Reel
1N4002-TB
DO-41
5000/Tape & Box
1N4002
DO-41
1000 Units/Box
1N4003-T3
DO-41
5000/Tape & Reel
1N4003-TB
DO-41
5000/Tape & Box
1N4003
DO-41
1000 Units/Box
1N4004-T3
DO-41
5000/Tape & Reel
1N4004-TB
DO-41
5000/Tape & Box
1N4004 1N4005-T3
DO-41 DO-41
1000 Units/Box 5000/Tape & Reel
1N4005-TB
DO-41
5000/Tape & Box
1N4005
DO-41
1000 Units/Box
1N4006-T3
DO-41
5000/Tape & Reel
1N4006-TB
DO-41
5000/Tape & Box
1N4006
DO-41
1000 Units/Box
1N4007-T3
DO-41
5000/Tape & Reel
1N4007-TB
DO-41
5000/Tape & Box
DO-41
1000 Units/Box
1N4007 1. 2. 3.
Products listed in bold are WTE Preferred devices. Shipping quantity given is for minimum packing quantity only. For minimum order quantity, please consult the Sales Department. To order RoHS / Lead Free version (with Lead Free finish), add “-LF” suffix to part number above. For example, 1N4001-TB-LF.
Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd (WTE) has check ed all information carefully and believes it to be correct and accurate. However, WTE cannot assume any responsibility for inaccuracies. Furthermore, this information does not give the purchaser of semiconductor devices any license under patent rights to manufacturer. WTE reserves the right to change any or all information herein without further notice. WARNING: DO NOT USE IN LIFE SUPPORT EQUIPMENT. WTE power semiconductor products are not authorized for use as critical components in life support devices or systems without the express written approval.
Won-Top Electronics Co., Ltd. No. 44 Yu Kang North 3rd Road, Chine Chen Dist., Kaohsiung, Taiwan Phone: 886-7-822-5408 or 886-7-822-5410 Fax: 886-7-822-5417 Email:
[email protected] Internet: http://www.wontop.com
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PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550 28/40/44-Pin High-Performance, Enhanced Flash USB Microcontrollers with nanoWatt Technology Universal Serial Bus Features:
Peripheral Highlights:
• USB V2.0 Compliant SIE • Low-speed (1.5 Mb/s) and full-speed (12 Mb/s) • Supports control, interrupt, isochronous and bulk transfers • Supports up to 32 endpoints (16 bidirectional) • 1-Kbyte dual access RAM for USB • On-board USB transceiver with on-chip voltage regulator • Interface for off-chip USB transceiver • Streaming Parallel Port (SPP) for USB streaming
• • • •
•
transfers (40/44-pin devices only)
Power Managed Modes: • • • • • • • •
•
Run: CPU on, peripherals on Idle: CPU off, peripherals on Sleep: CPU off, peripherals off Idle mode currents down to 5.8 A typical Sleep current down to 0.1 A typical Timer1 oscillator: 1.1 A typical, 32 kHz, 2V Watchdog Timer: 2.1 A typical Two-Speed Oscillator Start-up
•
• •
High current sink/source: 25 mA/25 mA Three external interrupts Four Timer modules (Timer0 to Timer3) Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules: - Capture is 16-bit, max. resolution 6.25 ns (TCY/16) - Compare is 16-bit, max. resolution 100 ns (TCY) - PWM output: PWM resolution is 1 to 10-bit Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module: - Multiple output modes - Selectable polarity - Programmable dead-time - Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart Addressable USART module: - LIN bus support Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module supporting 3-wire SPI™ (all 4 modes) and I 2C™ Master and Slave modes 10-bit, up to 13-channels Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D) with programmable acquisition time Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing
Special Microcontroller Features:
Flexible Oscillator Structure:
• C compiler optimized architecture with optional extended instruction set
• Five Crystal modes, including High-Precision PLL for USB • Two External RC modes, up to 4 MHz • Two External Clock modes, up to 40 MHz • Internal oscillator block: - 8 user selectable frequencies, from 31 kHz to 8 MHz - User tunable to compensate for frequency drift • Secondary oscillator using Timer1 @ 32 kHz • Fail-Safe Clock Monitor - Allows for safe shutdown if any clock stops
• 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical • 1,000,000 erase/write cycle data EEPROM memory typical • Flash/data EEPROM retention: > 40 years • Self-programmable under software control • Priority levels for interrupts • 8 x 8 Single Cycle Hardware Multiplier • Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT): - Programmable period from 41 ms to 131s • Programmable Code Protection • Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming™ (ICSP™) via two pins • In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins • Wide operating voltage range (2.0V to 5.5V)
Program Memory
Data Memory
# SingleSRAM EEPROM Word (bytes) (bytes) Instructions
MSSP I/O
10-bit A/D (ch)
CCP/ ECCP (PWM)
SPP
Device
FLASH (bytes)
PIC18F2455
24K
12288
2048
256
24
10
2/0
PIC18F2550
32K
16384
2048
256
24
10
PIC18F4455
24K
12288
2048
256
35
13
PIC18F4550
32K
16384
2048
256
35
13
2003 Microchip Technology Inc.
Master I2C
No
Y
Y
1
2
1/3
2/0
No
Y
Y
1
2
1/3
1/1
Yes
Y
Y
1
2
1/3
1/1
Yes
Y
Y
1
2
1/3
Advance Information
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Timers 8/16-bit
SPI
DS39617A-page 1 71/104
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PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550 Pin Diagrams
28-Pin SDIP, SOIC
MCLR/VPP/RE3 RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUT VSS OSC1/CLKI/RA7 OSC2/CLKO/RA6 RC0/T1OSO/T13CKI RC1/T1OSI/CCP2*/UOE RC2/CCP1 VUSB
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
RB7/KBI3/PGD RB6/KBI2/PGC RB5/KBI1/PGM RB4/AN11/KBI0/RCV RB3/AN9/CCP2*/VPO RB2/AN8/INT2/VMO RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI/SDA VDD VSS RC7/RX/DT/SDO RC6/TX/CK D+/VP D-/VM
40-Pin PDIP MCLR/VPP/RE3 RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUT RE0/CK1SPP/AN5 RE1/CK2SPP/AN6 RE2/OESPP/AN7 AVDD AVSS OSC1/CLKI/RA7 OSC2/CLKO/RA6 RC0/T1OSO/T13CKI RC1/T1OSI/CCP2*/UOE RC2/CCP1/P1A VUSB RD0/SPP0 RD1/SPP1
Note: *
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21
RB7/KBI3/PGD RB6/KBI2/PGC RB5/KBI1/PGM RB4/AN11/KBI0/CSSPP RB3/AN9/CCP2*/VPO RB2/AN8/INT2/VMO RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI/SDA VDD VSS RD7/SPP7/P1D RD6/SPP6/P1C RD5/SPP5/P1B RD4/SPP4 RC7/RX/DT/SDO RC6/TX/CK D+/VP D-/VM RD3/SPP3 RD2/SPP2
Pinouts are subject to change. Assignment of this feature is dependent on device configuration.
DS39617A-page 2
2003 Microchip Technology Inc.
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PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550 Pin Diagrams (Continued)
44-Pin QFN
RC7/RX/DT/SDO RD4/CCP2*/P2A RD5/SSP5/P1B RD6/SSP6/P1C RD7/SSP7/P1D VSS AVDD VDD RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL RB2/AN8/INT2/VMO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
PIC18F4455 PIC18F4550
OSC2/CLKO/RA6 OSC1/CLKI/RA7 VSS AVSS VDD AVDD RE2/OESPP/AN7 RE1/CK2SPP/AN6 RE0/CK1SPP/AN5 RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUT RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
44-Pin TQFP
RC7/RX/DT/SDO RD4/SPP4 RD5/SPP5/P1B RD6/SPP6/P1C RD7/SPP7/P1D VSS VDD RB0/AN12/INT0/SDI/SDA RB1/AN10/INT1/SCK/SCL RB2/AN8/INT2/VMO RB3/AN9/CCP2*/VPO
Note: *
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
PIC18F4455 PIC18F4550
33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23
NC RC0/T1OSO/T13CKI OSC2/CLKO/RA6 OSC1/CLKI/RA7 VSS VDD RE2/OESPP/AN7 RE1/CK2SPP/AN6 RE0/CK1SPP/AN5 RA5/AN4/SS/LVDIN/C2OUT RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT
Pinouts are subject to change. Assignment of this feature is dependent on device configuration.
2003 Microchip Technology Inc.
DS39617A-page 3
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PIC18F2455/2550/4455/4550 NOTES:
DS39617A-page 4
2003 Microchip Technology Inc.
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Note the following details of the code protection feature on Microchip devices: •
Microchip products meet the specification contained in their particular Microchip Data Sheet.
•
Microchip believes that its family of products is one of the most secure families of its kind on the market today, when used in the intended manner and under normal conditions.
•
There are dishonest and possibly illegal methods used to breach the code protection feature. All of these methods, to our knowledge, require using the Microchip products in a manner outside the operating specifications contained in Microchip’s Data Sheets. Most likely, the person doing so is engaged in theft of intellectual property.
•
Microchip is willing to work with the customer who is concerned about the integrity of their code.
•
Neither Microchip nor any other semiconductor manufacturer can guarantee the security of their code. Code protection does not mean that we are guaranteeing the product as “unbreakable.”
Code protection is constantly evolving. We at Microchip are committed to continuously improving the code protection features of our products. Attempts to break microchips code protection feature may be a violation of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. If such acts allow unauthorized access to your software or other copyrighted work, you may have a right to sue for relief under that Act.
Information contained in this publication regarding device applications and the like is intended through suggestion only and may be superseded by updates. It is your responsibility to ensure that your application meets with your specifications. No representation or warranty is given and no liability is assumed by Microchip Technology Incorporated with respect to the accuracy or use of such information, or infringement of patents or other intellectual property rights arising from such use or otherwise. Use of Microchips products as critical components in life support systems is not authorized except with express written approval by Microchip. No licenses are conveyed, implicitly or otherwise, under any intellectual property rights.
Trademarks The Microchip name and logo, the Microchip logo, dsPIC, KEELOQ, MPLAB, PIC, PICmicro, PICSTART, PRO MATE and PowerSmart are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S .A. and other countries. FilterLab, micro, MXDEV, MXLAB, PIC MASTER, SEE VAL and The Embedded Control Solutions C ompany are registered trademarks of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. Accuron, Application Maestro, dsPICDEM , dsPICDEM.net, ECONOMONITOR, FanSense, FlexROM, Circuit Serial Programming, ICSP, ICEPIC,fuzzyLAB, microPort,InMigratable Memory, MPASM, MPLIB, M PLINK, MPSIM, PICC, PICkit, PICDEM, PICDEM.net, PowerCal, PowerInfo, PowerMate, PowerTool, rfLAB, rfPIC, Select Mode, SmartSensor, SmartShunt, SmartTel and Total Endurance are trademarks of Micr ochip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. and other countries. Serialized Quick Turn Programming (SQTP) is a service mark of Microchip Technology Incorporated in the U.S.A. All other trademarks mentioned herein are property of their respective companies. © 2003, Microchip Technology Incorporated, Printed in the U.S.A., All Rights Reserved. Printed on recycled paper.
DS39617A-page 5
2003 Microchip Technology Inc.
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SOES023 – MARCH 1983 – REVISED OCTOBER 19
COMPATIBLE WITH STANDARD TTL INTEGRATED CIRCUITS Gallium Arsenide Diode Infrared Source Optically Coupled to a Silicon npn Phototransistor High Direct-Current Transfer Ratio Base Lead Provided for Conventional Transistor Biasing
MCT2 OR MCT2E . . . PACKAGE (TOP VIEW)
ANODE CATHODE NC
High-Voltage Electrical Isolation . . . 1.5-kV, or 3.55-kV Rating
1
6
2
5
3
4
BASE COLLECTOR EMITTER
NC – No internal connection
Plastic Dual-In-Line Package High-Speed Switching: tr = 5 s, tf = 5 s Typical Designed to be Interchangeable with General Instruments MCT2 and MCT2E
absolute maximum ratings at 25 C free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted)†
Input-to-output voltage: MCT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 k MCT2E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.55 k Collector-base voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Collector-emitter voltage (see Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Emitter-collector voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Emitter-base voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Input-diode reverse voltage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Input-diode continuous forward current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 m Input-diode peak forward current (t w 1 ns, PRF 300 Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Continuous power dissipation at (or below) 25 C free-air temperature: Infrared-emitting diode (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 mW Phototransistor (see Note 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 mW
Total,free-air infrared-emitting diode plusTphototransistor (see Note 3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 mW Operating temperature range, A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 55 C to 100 Storage temperature range, Tstg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . – 55 C to 150 Lead temperature 1,6 mm (1/16 inch) from case for 10 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
† Stresses beyond those listed under “absolute maximum ratings” may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, a
functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated under “recommended operating conditions” is n implied. Exposure to absolute-maximum-rated conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. NOTES: 1. This value applies when the base-emitter diode is open-circulated. 2. Derate linearly to 100 C free-air temperature at the rate of 2.67 mW/ C. 3. Derate linearly to 100 C free-air temperature at the rate of 3.33 mW/ C.
Copyright
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SOES023 – MARCH 1983 – REVISED OCTOBER 1995
electrical characteristics at 25 C free-air temperature (unless otherwise noted) PARAMETER
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
V(BR)CBO
Collector-base breakdown voltage
IC = 10 A,
IE = 0,
IF = 0
70
V
V(BR)CEO
Collector-emitter breakdown voltage
IC =1 mA,
IB = 0,
IF = 0
30
V
V(BRECO)
Emitter-collector breakdown voltage
IE = 100 A,
IB = 0,
IF = 0
7
V
IR
Input diode static reverse current
VR = 3 V
IC on
On-state collector current
IC off
Off-state collector current
10
A
Phototransistor operation
VCE = 10 V,
IB = 0,
IF = 10 mA
Photodiode operation
VCB = 10 V,
IE = 0,
IF = 10 mA
Phototransistor operation
VCE = 10 V,
IB = 0,
IF = 0
1
50
nA
Photodiode operation
VCB = 10 V,
IE = 0,
IF = 0
0.1
20
nA
VCE = 5 V, , C = IF = 0
MCT2
1.25
1.5
V
0.25
4
V
FE VF
Input diode static forward voltage
IF = 20 mA
VCE(sat)
Collector-emitter saturation voltage
IC = 2 mA,
r IO
Input-to-output internal resistance
Vin-out =
5
mA
20
A
250
MCT2E
IB = 0,
2
100
IF = 16 mA
1.5 kV for MCT2, 3.55 kV for MCT2E,
300
1011
See Note 4 Cio
Vin-out = 0, See Note 4
Input-to-output capacitance
f = 1 MHz,
1
pF
NOTE 4: These parameters are measured between both input diode leads shorted together and all the phototransistor leads shorted together.
switching characteristics PARAMETER tr
Rise time
tf
Fall time
tr
Rise time
tf
Fall time
2
TEST CONDITIONS p
p
VCC = 10 V, RL = 100 ,
IC on = 2 mA, See Test Circuit A of Figure 1
VCC = 10 V,
IC(on) 20 A,
RL = 1 k ,
See Test Circuit B of Figure 1
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MIN
TYP
MAX
UNIT
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SOES023 – MARCH 1983 – REVISED OCTOBER 19
PARAMETER MEASUREMENT INFORMATION 47 Output (see Note B) + –
VCC = 10 V
47
Input Input
Input
0V tr Output 90%
RL = 100
10%
tf 90% 10%
–
TEST CIRCUIT A PHOTOTRANSISTOR OPERATION
VOLTAGE WAVEFORMS
Output (see Note B
+ VCC = 10 V
RL = 1 k
TEST CIRCUIT B PHOTODIODE OPERATION
NOTES: A. The input waveform is supplied by a generator with the following characteristics: ZO = 50 tr 15 ns, duty cycle 1%, tw = 100 s. B. The output waveform is monitored on an oscilloscope with the following characteristics: tr 12 ns, Rin 1 M Cin 20 pF.
Figure 1. Switching Times
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SOES023 – MARCH 1983 – REVISED OCTOBER 1995
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS COLLECTOR CURRENT vs COLLECTOR-EMITTER VOLTAGE
COLLECTOR CURRENT vs INPUT-DIODE FORWARD CURRENT 60 100 40
VCE = 10 V IB = 0 TA = 25 C
IB = 0 TA = 25 C See Note A
50
10 40 4
Max Continuous Power Dissipation 30
1
IF = 40 mA
0.4
20 IF = 30 mA
0.1
IF = 20 mA
10 0.04
0.01 0.1
IF = 20 mA 0 0.4
1
4
10
40
100
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
VCE – Collector-Emitter Voltage – V
IF – Input-Diode Forward Current – mA
NOTE A: Pulse operation of input diode is required for operation beyond limits shown by dotted l ines.
Figure 3
Figure 2 ON-STATE COLLECTOR CURRENT (RELATIVE TO VALUE AT 25 C) vs FREE-AIR TEMPERATURE 1.6 VCE = 0.4 V to 10 V IB = 0 IF = 10 mA See Note B
1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 – 75
– 50
– 25
0
25
50
75
100
125
TA – Free-Air Temperature – C NOTE B: These parameters were measured using pulse techniques, tw = 1 ms, duty cycle 2 %.
Figure 4
4
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SOES023 – MARCH 1983 – REVISED OCTOBER 19
MECHANICAL INFORMATION
The package consists of a gallium-arsenide infrared-emitting diode and an npn silicon phototransistor mounte on a 6-lead frame encapsulated within an electrically nonconductive plastic compound. The case can withstan soldering temperature with no deformation and device performance characteristics remain stable whe operated in high-humidity conditions. Unit weight is approximately 0.52 grams. 9,40 (0.370) 8,38 (0.330)
C L
C L 7,62 (0.300) T.P.
6
5
4 6,61 (0.260) 6,09 (0.240)
5,46 (0.215) 2,92 (0.115) 1,78 (0.070) 0,51 (0.020)
Index Dot (see Note B) 1
2
3 (see Note C)
105 90
1,78 (0.070) MAX 6 Places
Seating Plane
0,305 (0.012) 0,203 (0.008)
1,01 (0.040) MIN
3,81 (0.150) 3,17 (0.125)
2,29 (0.090) 1,27 (0.050) 2,54 (0.100) T.P. (see Note A)
0,534 (0.021) 0,381 (0.015) 6 Places
NOTES: A. Leads are within 0,13 (0.005) radius of true position (T.P.) with maximum material condition and unit installed. B. Pin 1 identified by index dot. C. Terminal connections: 1. Anode (part of the infrared-emitting diode) 2. Cathode (part of the infrared-emitting diode) 3. No internal connection 4. Emitter (part of the phototransistor) 5. Collector (part of the phototransistor) 6. Base (part of the phototransistor) D. The dimensions given fall within JEDEC MO-001 AM dimensions. E. All linear dimensions are given in millimeters and parenthetically given in inches.
Figure 5. Mechanical Information
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PACKAGE OPTION ADDENDU
8-Apr-2
www.ti.com
PACKAGING INFORMATION Orderable Device
Status (1)
Package Type
Package Drawing
Pins Package Eco Plan (2) Qty
MCT2
OBSOLETE
PDIP
N
6
TBD
Call TI
Call TI
MCT2E
OBSOLETE
PDIP
N
6
TBD
Call TI
Call TI
Lead/Ball Finish
MSL Peak Temp (
(1)
The marketing status values are defined as follows: ACTIVE: Product device recommended for new designs. LIFEBUY: TI has announced that the device will be discontinued, and a lifetime-buy period is in effect. NRND: Not recommended for new designs. Device is in production to support existing customers, but TI does not recommend using this pa a new design. PREVIEW: Device has been announced but is not in production. Samples may or may not be available. OBSOLETE: TI has discontinued the production of the device. (2)
Eco Plan - The planned eco-friendly classification: Pb-Free (RoHS) or Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br) - please ch http://www.ti.com/productcontentfor the latest availability information and additional product content details. TBD: The Pb-Free/Green conversion plan has not been defined. Pb-Free (RoHS): TI’s terms "Lead-Free" or "Pb-Free" mean semiconductor products that are compatible with the current RoHS requireme for all 6 substances, including the requirement that lead not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous materials. Where designed to be solde at high temperatures, TI Pb-Free products are suitable for use in specified lead-free processes. Green (RoHS & no Sb/Br): TI defines "Green" to mean Pb-Free (RoHS compatible), and free of Bromine (Br) and Antimony (Sb) based fla retardants (Br or Sb do not exceed 0.1% by weight in homogeneous material) (3)
MSL, Peak Temp. -- The Moisture Sensitivity Level rating according to the JEDEC industry standard classifications, and peak so temperature.
Important Information and Disclaimer:The information provided on this page represents TI’s knowledge and belief as of the date that provided. TI bases its knowledge and belief on information provided by third parties, and makes no representation or warranty as to accuracy of such information. Efforts are underway to better integrate information from third parties. TI has taken and continues to t reasonable steps to provide representative and accurate information but may not have conducted destructive testing or chemical analysis incoming materials and chemicals. TI and TI suppliers consider certain information to be proprietary, and thus CAS numbers and other lim information may not be available for release.
In no event shall TI’s liability arising out of such information exceed the total purchase price of the TI part(s) at issue in this document sold b to Customer on an annual basis.
Addendum-Page 1
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Texas Instruments Post Office Box 655303 Dallas, Texas 75265 Copyright
2005, Texas Instruments Incorporated
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ICM7555, ICM75 56
®
D at a Sh eet
A u g u s t 2 4, 20 0 6
FN 2 8 6 7 .9
General Purpos e Timers
Features
The ICM7555 and ICM7556 are CMOS RC timers providing significantly improved performance over the standard
• Exact Equivalent in Most Cases for SE/NE555/556 or TLC555/556
SE/NE 555/6 and 355 timers, while at the same time being direct replacements for those devices in most applications. Improved parameters include low supply current, wide operating supply voltage range, low THRESHOLD, TRIGGER and RESET currents, no crowbarring of the supply current during output transitions, higher frequency performance and no requirement to decouple CONTROL VOLTAGE for stable operation.
• Low Supply Current - ICM7555 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 A
Specifically, the ICM7555 and ICM7556 are stable controllers capable of producing accurate time delays or frequencies. The ICM7556 is a dual ICM7555, with the two timers operating independently of each other, sharing only V+ and GND. In the one shot mode, the pulse width of each circuit is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and the duty cycle are both accurately controlled by two external resistors and one capacitor. Unlike the regular bipolar SE/NE 555/6 devices, the CONTROL VOLTAGE terminal need not be decoupled with a capacitor. The circuits are triggered and reset on falling (negative) waveforms, and the output inverter can source or sink currents large enough to drive TTL loads, or provide minimal offsets to drive CMOS loads.
- ICM7556 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 A
• Extremely Low Input Currents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20pA
• High Speed Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1MH
• Guaranteed Supply Voltage Range . . . . . . . . . 2V to 18V
• Temperature Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005%/°C at +25°C
• Normal Reset Function - No Crowbarring of Supply During Output Transition • Can be Used with Higher Impedance Timing Elements than Regular 555/6 for Longer RC Time Constants • Timing from Microseconds through Hours • Operates in Both Astable and Monostable Modes • Adjustable Duty Cycle • High Output Source/Sink Driver can Drive TTL/CMOS • Outputs have Very Low Offsets, HI and LO • Pb-Free Plus Anneal Available (RoHS Compliant)
Applications • Precision Timing • Pulse Generation • Sequential Timing • Time Delay Generation • Pulse Width Modulation • Pulse Position Modulation • Missing Pulse Detector
Pinouts ICM7555 (8 LD PDIP, SOIC) TOP VIEW
ICM7556 (14 LD PDIP, CERDIP) TOP VIEW DISCHARGE 1
GND 1
8 VDD
TRIGGER 2
7 DISCHARGE
OUTPUT 3
6 THRESHOLD
THRESH2 OLD CONTROL 3 VOLTAGE RESET 4
5 CONTROL VOLTAGE
RESET 4
OUTPUT 5 TRIGGER 6 GND 7
14 VDD 13 DISCHARGE 12 THRESHOLD 11
CONTROL VOLTAGE
10 RESET 9 OUTPUT 8 TRIGGER
CAUTION: These devices are sensitive to electrostatic discharge; follow proper IC Handling Procedure
1-888-INTERSIL or 1-888-468-3774 (and design) Inc. is a 2002, registered trademark of Intersil Americas In | Intersil Copyright © Intersil Americas 2004, 2005, 2006. All Rights Reserve http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/de sign-a nd-simula tion-of-pv-wa te r-pumping-syste m 90/104 All other trademarks mentioned are the property of their respective owner
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Ordering Information PART NUMBER
PART MARKING
TEMP. RANGE (°C)
PACKAGE
PKG. DWG. #
ICM7555CBA
7555 CBA
0 to +70
8 Ld SOIC
M8.15
ICM7555CBA-T
7555 CBA
0 to +70
8 Ld SOIC Tape and Reel
M8.15
ICM7555CBAZ (Note) ICM7555CBAZ-T (Note)
7555 CBAZ 7555 CBAZ
0 to +70 0 to +70
8 Ld SOIC (Pb-free) 8 Ld SOIC (Pb-free) Tape and Reel
M8.15 M8.15
ICM7555IBA
7555 IBA
-25 to +85
8 Ld SOIC
M8.15
ICM7555IBAT
7555 IBA
-25 to +85
8 Ld SOIC Tape and Reel
M8.15
ICM7555IBAZ (Note)
7555 IBAZ
-25 to +85
8 Ld SOIC (Pb-free)
M8.15
ICM7555IBAZ-T (Note)
7555 IBAZ
-25 to +85
8 Ld SOIC (Pb-free) Tape and Reel
M8.15
ICM7555IPA
7555 IPA
-25 to +85
8 Ld PDIP
E8.3
ICM7555IPAZ (Note)
7555 IPAZ
-25 to +85
8 Ld PDIP** (Pb-free)
E8.3
ICM7556IPD
ICM7556IPD
-25 to +85
14 Ld PDIP
E14.3
ICM7556IPDZ (Note)
ICM7556IPDZ
-25 to +85
14 Ld PDIP** (Pb-free)
E14.3
ICM7556MJD
ICM7556MJD
-55 to +125
14 Ld Cerdip
F14.3
**Pb-free PDIPs can be used for through hole wave solder processing only. They are not intended for use in Reflow solder processing applications. NOTE: Intersil Pb-free products employ special Pb-free material sets; molding compounds/die attach materials and 100% matte tin plate termination finish, which are RoHS compliant and compatible with both SnPb and Pb-free soldering operations. Intersil Pb-free products are MSL classified at Pb-free peak reflow temperatures that meet or exceed the Pb-free requirements of IPC/JEDEC J STD-020.
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ICM7555, ICM7556 Absolute Maximum Ratings
Thermal Information
Supply Voltage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .+18V Input Voltage Trigger, Control Voltage, Threshold, Reset (Note 1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V+ +0.3V to GND -0.3V Output Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100mA
Thermal Resistance (Typical, Note 2) JA (°C/W) JC (°C/W 14 Lead CERDIP Package. . . . . . . . . . 80 24 14 Lead PDIP Package* . . . . . . . . . . . 115 N/A 8 Lead PDIP Package* . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 N/A 8 Lead SOIC Package . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 N/A Maximum Junction Temperature (Hermetic Package) . . . . . . . +175°C Maximum Junction Temperature (Plastic Package) . . . . . . . +150°C
Operating Conditions Temperature Range ICM7555C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0°C to +70°C ICM7555I, ICM7556I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -25°C to +85°C ICM7556M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -55°C to +125°C
Maximum Storage Temperature Range . . . . . . . . -65°C to +150°C Maximum Lead Temperature (Soldering 10s). . . . . . . . . . . +300°C (SOIC - Lead Tips Only) * Pb-free PDIPs can be used for through hole wave solder processing only. They are not intended for use in Reflow solder processing applications.
NOTES:
1. Due to the SCR structure inherent in the CMOS process used to fabricate these devices, connecting any terminal to a voltage greater than V+ +0.3V or less than V- -0.3V may cause destructive latchup. For this reason it is recommended that no inputs from external sources not operating from the same power supply be applied to the device before its power supply is established. In multiple supply systems, the supply of the ICM7555 and ICM7556 must be turned on first. 2.
JA is measured with the component mounted on a low effective thermal conductivity test board in free air. See Tech Brief 379 for details.
Electrical Specifications Applies to ICM7555 and ICM7556, unless otherwise specified (NOTE 4) -55°C TO 125°C
TA = +25°C PARAMETER
SYMBOL
Static Supply Current
IDD
TEST CONDITIONS ICM7555
ICM7556
Monostable Timing Accuracy
MIN
TYP
MAX
VDD = 5V
40
VDD = 15V
MAX
UNITS
200
300
A
60
300
300
A
VDD = 5V
80
400
600
A
VDD = 15V
120
600
600
A
1161
% s
R A = 10K, C = 0.1 F, VDD = 5V
MIN
TYP
2 858
Drift with Temperature (Note 3)
VDD = 5V
150
ppm/°C
VDD = 10V
200
ppm/°C
VDD = 15V
250
ppm/°C
0.5
%/V
VDD = 5V to 15V
Drift with Supply (Note 3) Astable Timing Accuracy
0.5
R A = RB = 10K, C = 0.1 F, VDD = 5V
2
% 1717
Drift with Temperature (Note 3)
Drift with Supply (Note 3)
s
VDD = 5V
150
ppm/°C
VDD = 10V
200
ppm/°C
VDD = 15V
250
ppm/°C
0.5
%/V
VDD = 5V to 15V
Threshold Voltage
2323
0.5
VTH
VDD = 15V
62
67
71
61
72
% VDD
Trigger Voltage
VTRIG
VDD = 15V
28
32
36
27
37
% VDD
Trigger Current
ITRIG
VDD = 15V
10
50
nA
Threshold Current
ITH
VDD = 15V
10
50
nA
Control Voltage
VCV
VDD = 15V
72
% VDD
62
67
71
61
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ICM7555, ICM7556 Electrical Specifications Applies to ICM7555 and ICM7556, unless otherwise specified (Continued) (NOTE 4) -55°C TO 125°C
TA = +25°C PARAMETER
SYMBOL
TEST CONDITIONS
MIN
TYP
MAX
MIN
1.0
0.2
MAX
UNITS
1.2
V
50
nA
Reset Voltage
VRST
VDD = 2V to 15V
Reset Current
IRST
VDD = 15V
Discharge Leakage
IDIS
VDD = 15V
10
50
nA
Output Voltage
VOL
VDD = 15V, I SINK = 20mA
0.4
1.0
1.25
V
VDD = 5V, ISINK = 3.2mA
0.2
0.4
0.5
V
VOH
Discharge Output Voltage
VDIS
0.4
TYP
10
VDD = 15V, I SOURCE = 0.8mA
14.3
14.6
14.2
V
VDD = 5V, ISOURCE = 0.8mA
4.0
4.3
3.8
V
VDD = 5V, ISINK = 15mA
0.2
0.4
VDD = 15V, I SINK = 15mA Supply Voltage (Note 3)
Functional Operation
VDD
2.0
18.0
3.0
0.6
V
0.4
V
16.0
V
Output Rise Time (Note 3)
tR
RL = 10M, CL = 10pF, VDD = 5V
75
ns
Output Fall Time (Note 3)
tF
RL = 10M, CL = 10pF, VDD = 5V
75
ns
1
MHz
Oscillator Frequency (Note 3)
f MAX
VDD = 5V, R A = 470 , RB = 270 , C = 200pF
NOTES: 3. These parameters are based upon characterization data and are not tested. 4. Applies only to military temperature range product (M suffix).
F u n c t i o n a l D i ag r a m VDD 8 R
4
FLIP-FLOP RESET
OUTPUT DRIVERS
COMPARATOR
THRESHOLD 6 5 CONTROL VOLTAGE
+
A OUTPUT
-
3 7
R
DISCHARGE
n +
TRIGGER 2
1
COMPARATOR B 1 GND
R
NOTE:
This functional diagram reduces the circuitry down to its simplest equivalent components. Tie down unused inputs. TRUTH TABLE
THRESHOLD V OLTAGE
TRIGGER VOLTAGE
RESET
OUTPUT
DISCHARGE SWITCH
Dont Care
Dont Care
Low
Low
On
>2/3(V+)
>1/3(V+)
High
Low
On
<2/3(V+)
>1/3(V+)
High
Stable
Stable
Dont Care
<1/3(V+)
High
High
Off
NOTE: RESET will dominate all other inputs: TRIGGER will dominate over THRESHOLD.
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Schematic Diagram VDD P
P
P
R
P
THRESHOLD N
N
NPN
CONTROL VOLTAGE
R OUTPUT P
P
TRIGGER
R N
N
N
N
N
N
RESET R = 100k
N
GND
DISCHARGE
20% ( TYP)
A p p l i c a ti o n I n f o r m a t i o n Ge n e ra l
The ICM7555 and ICM7556 devices are, in most instances, direct replacements for the NE/SE 555/6 devices. However, it is possible to effect economies in the external component count using the ICM7555 and ICM7556. Because the bipolar NE/SE 555/6 devices produce large crowbar currents in the output driver, it is necessary to decouple the power supply lines with a good capacitor close to the device. The ICM7555 and ICM7556 devices produce no such transients. See Figure 1.
The ICM7555 and ICM7556 produce supply current spikes of only 2mA - 3mA instead of 300mA - 400mA and supply decoupling is normally not necessary. Also, in most instances, the CONTROL VOLTAGE decoupling capacitors are not required since the input impedance of the CMOS comparators on chip are very high. Thus, for many applications, two capacitors can be saved using an ICM7555 and three capacitors with an ICM7556. POWER SUPPLY CONSIDERATIONS
Although the supply current consumed by the ICM7555 and ICM7556 devices is very low, the total system supply curren can be high unless the timing components are high impedance. Therefore, use high values for R and low values for C in Figures 2A, 2B, and 3.
500 TA = 25°C 400
VDD
300
GND SE/NE555
TRIGGER
200
VDD
100
VDD 1
8
2
7
3
6
4
5
10K
DISCHARGE THRESHOLD CONTROL VOLTAGE
RESET 0 ICM7555/56 0
200
400 TIME (ns)
R 600
C
OPTIONAL CAPACITOR
800
FIGURE 2A. ASTABLE OPERATION
FIGURE 1. SUPPLY CURRENT TRANSIENT COMPARED WITH A STANDARD BIPOLAR 555 DURING AN OUTPUT TRANSITION
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ICM7555, ICM7556 VDD 1
VDD RA
1
8
TRIGGER
2
7
OUTPUT
3
6
RESET
4
5
7
3
6
4
VDD
(1/3) RAC = 1.1RAC
8
2 OUTPUT
tOUTPUT = -ln
RA
5
ICM7555 RB
THRESHOLD
OPTIONAL CAPACITOR
OPTIONAL CAPACITOR
C
DISCHARGE
CONTROL VOLTAGE
C
VDD 18V
FIGURE 2B. ALTERNATE ASTABLE CONFIGURATION FIGURE 3. MONOSTABLE OPERATION
CONTROL VOLTAGE
OUTPUT DRIVE CAPABILITY The output driver consists of a CMOS inverter capable of driving most logic families including CMOS and TTL. As such, if driving CMOS, the output swing at all supply voltages will equal the supply voltage. At a supply voltage of 4.5V or more, the ICM7555 and ICM7556 will drive at least two standard TTL loads. ASTABLE OPERATION The circuit can be connected to trigger itself and free run as a multivibrator, see Figure 2A. The output swings from rail to rail, and is a true 50% duty cycle square wave. (Trip points and output swings are symmetrical.) Less than a 1% frequency variation is observed over a voltage range of +5V to +15V. 1 f 1.4 RC
(EQ. 1)
The timer can also be connected as shown in Figure 2B. In this circuit, the frequency is: f 1.44
The CONTROL VOLTAGE terminal permits the two trip voltages for the THRESHOLD and TRIGGER internal comparators to be controlled. This provides the possibility o oscillation frequency modulation in the astable mode or even inhibition of oscillation, depending on the applied voltage. In the monostable mode, delay times can be changed by varying the applied voltage to the CONTROL VOLTAGE pin RESET
The RESET terminal is designed to have essentially the same trip voltage as the standard bipolar 555/6, i.e., 0.6V to 0.7V. At all supply voltages it represents an extremely high input impedance. The mode of operation of the RESET function is, however, much improved over the standard bipolar NE/SE 555/6 in that it controls only the internal flipflop, which in turn controls simultaneously the state of the OUTPUT and DISCHARGE pins. This avoids the multiple threshold problems sometimes encountered with slow falling edges in the bipolar devices.
(EQ. 2)
RA 2R B C
The duty cycle is controlled by the values of R A and RB, by the equation: D R R A B
(EQ. 3)
R 2R A B
MONOSTABLE OPERATION In this mode of operation, the timer functions as a one-shot. See Figure 3. Initially the external capacitor (C) is held discharged by a transistor inside the timer. Upon application of a negative TRIGGER pulse to pin 2, the internal flip-flop is set which releases the short circuit across the external capacitor and drives the OUTPUT high. The voltage across the capacitor now increases exponentially with a time constant t = R AC. When the voltage across the capacitor equals 2/3 V+, the comparator resets the flip-flop, which in turn discharges the capacitor rapidly and also drives the OUTPUT to its low state. TRIGGER must return to a high state before the OUTPUT can return to a low state.
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Typical Performance Curves 1200 TA = 25°C
1100 1000 900
200
400
180
360
160
320
140
800
280 T = -20°C
700
120
600
100
500
80 VDD = 2V
400
A
VDD = 5V
160
60
100
VDD = 18V
0
200
TA = 25°C TA = 70°C
300 200
240
120
40
80
20
40 0
0 0
10
20
30
0
40
2
4
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
LOWEST VOLTAGE LEVEL OF TRIGGER PULSE (%VDD)
FIGURE 4. MINIMUM PULSE WIDTH REQUIRED FOR TRIGGERING
6
FIGURE 5. SUPPLY CURRENT vs SUPPLY VOLTAGE
100
-0.1 TA = 25°C
TA = -20°C
VDD = 2V -1.0
10.0
VDD = 5V
VDD = 18V
VDD = 5V VDD = 2V 1.0
-10.0 VDD = 18V
-100 -10
-1.0
-0.1
-0.01
0.1 0.01
0.1
OUTPUT VOLTAGE REFERENCED TO VDD (V)
1.0
FIGURE 6. OUTPUT SOURCE CURRENT vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE
100
FIGURE 7. OUTPUT SINK CURRENT vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE
100 TA = 70°C
TA = 25°C VDD = 18V
VDD = 18V VDD = 5V
10.0
10.0
VDD = 5V
V VDD = 2V
= 2V
DD
1.0
1.0
0.1 0.01
10.0
OUTPUT LOW VOLTAGE (V)
0.1 1.0 OUTPUT LOW VOLTAGE (V)
10.0
FIGURE 8. OUTPUT SINK CURRENT vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE
0.1 0.01
0.1
1.0
10.0
OUTPUT LOW VOLTAGE (V)
FIGURE 9. OUTPUT SINK CURRENT vs OUTPUT VOLTAGE
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Typical Performance Curves (Continued) 8
100
TA = 25°C
TA = 25°C
6
VDD = 5V
VDD = 18V
4 10.0
2
RA = RB = 10M C = 100pF
VDD = 2V
0 2
RA = RB = 10k C = 0. 1 F
4
1.0
6 8 0.1
1.0
10.0
100.0
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (V)
FIGURE 10. NORMALIZED FREQUENCY STABILITY IN THE ASTABLE MODE vs SUPPLY VOLTAGE
0.1 0.01
0.1 1.0 DISCHARGE LOW VOLTAGE (V)
10.0
FIGURE 11. DISCHARGE OUTPUT CURRENT vs DISCHARGE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
600
+1.0 VDD = 5V
RA = RB = 10k C = 0. 1 F
+0.9
500
+0.8 +0.7
400
+0.6
VDD = 5V
+0.5 300 +0.4 TA = 70°C
200
VDD = 18V
+0.3
TA = 25°C
+0.2
VDD = 2V
+0.1
TA = -20°C
100
VDD = 2V
0 0
-0.1 0
10
20
30
40
-20
0
20
LOWEST VOLTAGE LEVEL OF TRIGGER PULSE (%VDD)
FIGURE 12. PROPAGATION DELAY vs VOLTAGE LEVEL OF TRIGGER PULSE 1.0 100m
60
80
FIGURE 13. NORMALIZED FREQUENCY STABILITY IN THE ASTABLE MODE vs TEMPERATURE 1.0
TA = 25°C
100m
10m
TA = 25°C RA
10m 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
(RA + 2RB)
1m 100 10 1 100n
1m 100 10 1 100n
10n
10n
1n
1n
100p 10p
100p 10p
1p 0.1
40
TEMPERATURE (°C)
1
10
100
1k
10k
100k
1M
10M
FREQUENCY (Hz)
FIGURE 14. FREE RUNNING FREQUENCY vs R A, RB AND C
1p 100n
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
1
10
100
1m
10m 100m
1
10
TIME DELAY (s)
FIGURE 15. TIME DELAY IN THE MONOSTABLE MODE vs RA AND C
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ICM7555, ICM7556 Small Outlin e Plastic Packages (SOIC)
M8.15 (JEDEC MS-012-AA ISSUE C)
N
8 LEAD NARROW BODY SMALL OUTLINE PLASTIC PACKAGE
INDEX AREA
0.25(0.010) M
H
B M
INCHES
E
SYMBOL -B1
2
3
L SEATING PLANE
-A-
A
D
h x 45°
e
A1
B 0.25(0.010) M
C 0.10(0.004)
C A M
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
0.0532
0.0688
1.35
1.75
-
A1
0.0040
0.0098
0.10
0.25
-
B
0.013
0.020
0.33
0.51
9
C
0.0075
0.0098
0.19
0.25
-
D
0.1890
0.1968
4.80
5.00
3
E
0.1497
0.1574
3.80
4.00
4
e
-C-
B S
0.050 BSC
-
0.2284
0.2440
5.80
6.20
-
h
0.0099
0.0196
0.25
0.50
5
L
0.016
0.050
0.40
1.27
6
8 0°
1. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of Publication Number 95.
1.27 BSC
H
N
NOTES:
MILLIMETERS
8 8°
0°
7 8°
-
Rev. 1 6/0
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982. 3. Dimension “D” does not include mold flash, protrusions or gate burrs. Mold flash, protrusion and gate burrs shall not exceed 0.15mm (0.006 inch) per side. 4. Dimension “E” does not include interlead flash or protrusions. Interlead flash and protrusions shall not exceed 0.25mm (0.010 inch) per side. 5. The chamfer on the body is optional. If it is not present, a visual index feature must be located within the crosshatched area. 6. “L” is the length of terminal for soldering to a substrate. 7. “N” is the number of terminal positions. 8. Terminal numbers are shown for reference only. 9. The lead width “B”, as measured 0.36mm (0.014 inch) or greater above the seating plane, shall not exceed a maximum value of 0.61mm (0.024 inch). 10. Controlling dimension: MILLIMETER. Converted inch dimensions are not necessarily exact.
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Dual-In-Line Plastic Packages (PDIP) E8.3 (JEDEC MS-001-BA ISSUE D)
N
8 LEAD DUAL-IN-LINE PLASTIC PACKAGE
E1 INDEX AREA
1 2 3
INCHES
N/2 -B-
-AD
E
BASE PLANE
-C-
A2
SEATING PLANE
A L
D1
e
B1
D1
A1
eC
B 0.010 (0.25) M
C A B S
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
-
0.210
-
5.33
4
A1
0.015
-
0.39
-
4
A2
0.115
0.195
2.93
4.95
-
B
0.014
0.022
0.356
0.558
-
C L
B1
0.045
0.070
1.15
1.77
8, 10
eA
C
0.008
0.014
0.204
0.355
-
C
D
0.355
0.400
9.01
D1
0.005
-
0.13
-
5
E
0.300
0.325
7.62
8.25
6
E1
0.240
0.280
6.10
7.11
5
eB
NOTES: 1. Controlling Dimensions: INCH. In case of conflict between English and Metric dimensions, the inch dimensions control.
e
0.100 BSC
10.16
5
2.54 BSC
-
7.62 BSC
6
2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982.
e A
0.300 BSC
3. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of Publication No. 95.
eB
-
0.430
-
10.92
7
L
0.115
0.150
2.93
3.81
4
4. Dimensions A, A1 and L are measured with the package seated in JEDEC seating plane gauge GS-3. 5. D, D1, and E1 dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm).
N
8
8
9
Rev. 0 12/9
6. E and eA are measured with the leads constrained to be perpendicular to datum -C- . 7. eB and eC are measured at the lead tips with the leads unconstrained. eC must be zero or greater. 8. B1 maximum dimensions do not include dambar protrusions. Dambar protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm). 9. N is the maximum number of terminal positions. 10. Corner leads (1, N, N/2 and N/2 + 1) for E8.3, E16.3, E18.3, E28.3, E42.6 will have a B1 dimension of 0.030 - 0.045 inch (0.76 - 1.14mm).
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Dual-In-Line Plastic Packages (PDIP) N
E14.3 (JEDEC MS-001-AA ISSUE D)
E1 INDEX AREA
1 2 3
14 LEAD DUAL-IN-LINE PLASTIC PACKAGE
N/2
INCHES -B-
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A A1
0.015
0.210 -
0.39
5.33 -
4 4
A2
0.115
0.195
2.93
4.95
-
-AD
E
BASE PLANE
-C-
A2
SEATING PLANE
A L
D1
e
B1
D1
eA
A1
eC
B 0.010 (0.25) M
C L
C A B S
C
eB
NOTES: 1. Controlling Dimensions: INCH. In case of conflict between English and Metric dimensions, the inch dimensions control. 2. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M-1982. 3. Symbols are defined in the “MO Series Symbol List” in Section 2.2 of Publication No. 95. 4. Dimensions A, A1 and L are measured with the package seated in JEDEC seating plane gauge GS-3. 5. D, D1, and E1 dimensions do not include mold flash or protrusions. Mold flash or protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm).
B
0.014
0.022
0.356
0.558
-
B1
0.045
0.070
1.15
1.77
8
C
0.008
0.014
0.204
0.355
-
D
0.735
0.775
18.66
D1
0.005
-
0.13
-
5
E
0.300
0.325
7.62
8.25
6
E1
0.240
0.280
6.10
7.11
5
e e A eB L N
0.100 BSC 0.300 BSC 0.430
0.115
0.150 14
-
5
19.68
2.54 BSC
-
7.62 BSC 10.92
6 7
2.93
3.81
4
14
9
Rev. 0 12/9
6. E and eA are measured with the leads constrained to be perpendicular to datum -C- . 7. eB and eC are measured at the lead tips with the leads unconstrained. eC must be zero or greater. 8. B1 maximum dimensions do not include dambar protrusions. Dambar protrusions shall not exceed 0.010 inch (0.25mm). 9. N is the maximum number of terminal positions. 10. Corner leads (1, N, N/2 and N/2 + 1) for E8.3, E16.3, E18.3, E28.3, E42.6 will have a B1 dimension of 0.030 - 0.045 inch (0.76 1.14mm).
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ICM7555, ICM7556
Ceramic Dual-In-Line Frit Seal Packages (CERDIP) F14.3 MIL-STD-1835 GDIP1-T14 (D-1, CONFIGURATION A)
LEAD FINISH
c1
14 LEAD CERAMIC DUAL-IN-LINE FRIT SEAL PACKAGE
-D-
-A-
BASE METAL E b1 M
M (b)
-Bbbb S
C A-B S
SECTION A-A
D S
D
BASE PLANE
Q -C-
SEATING PLANE
A L
S1
eA
A A
b2
e
b ccc M
C A-B S
eA/2
c
aaa M C A - B S D S
D S
INCHES
(c)
NOTES: 1. Index area: A notch or a pin one identification mark shall be located adjacent to pin one and shall be located within the shaded area shown. The manufacturers identification shall not be used as a pin one identification mark.
MILLIMETERS
SYMBOL
MIN
MAX
MIN
MAX
NOTES
A
-
0.200
-
5.08
-
b
0.014
0.026
0.36
0.66
2
b1
0.014
0.023
0.36
0.58
3
b2
0.045
0.065
1.14
1.65
-
b3
0.023
0.045
0.58
1.14
4
c
0.008
0.018
0.20
0.46
2
c1
0.008
0.015
0.20
0.38
3
D
-
0.785
-
19.94
5
E
0.220
0.310
5.59
7.87
5
e
0.100 BSC
2.54 BSC
-
eA
0.300 BSC
7.62 BSC
-
eA/2
0.150 BSC
3.81 BSC
-
L
0.125
0.200
3.18
5.08
-
Q
0.015
0.060
0.38
1.52
6
S1
0.005
-
0.13
-
7
90°
105°
90°
105°
-
2. The maximum limits of lead dimensions b and c or M shall be measured at the centroid of the finished lead surfaces, when solder dip or tin plate lead finish is applied.
aaa
-
0.015
-
0.38
-
3. Dimensions b1 and c1 apply to lead base metal only. Dimension M applies to lead plating and finish thickness.
bbb
-
0.030
-
0.76
-
ccc
-
0.010
-
0.25
-
M
-
0.0015
-
0.038
2, 3
4. Corner leads (1, N, N/2, and N/2+1) may be configured with a partial lead paddle. For this configuration dimension b3 replaces dimension b2.
N
14
14
5. This dimension allows for off-center lid, meniscus, and glass overrun.
8
Rev. 0 4/9
6. Dimension Q shall be measured from the seating plane to the base plane. 7. Measure dimension S1 at all four corners. 8. N is the maximum number of terminal positions. 9. Dimensioning and tolerancing per ANSI Y14.5M - 1982. 10. Controlling dimension: INCH.
All Intersil U.S. products are manufactured, assembled and tested utilizing ISO9000 quality systems. Intersil Corporations quality certifications can be viewed at www.intersil.com/design/quality
For information regarding Intersil Corporation and its products, see www.intersil.com
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REFERENCES
http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/de sign-a nd-simula tion-of-pv-wa te r-pumping-syste m
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De sign a nd Simula tion of Pv Wa te r Pumping Syste m - slide pdf.c om
http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/de sign-a nd-simula tion-of-pv-wa te r-pumping-syste m
103/104
5/25/2018
De sign a nd Simula tion of Pv Wa te r Pumping Syste m - slide pdf.c om
http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/de sign-a nd-simula tion-of-pv-wa te r-pumping-syste m
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