Transcript
ELEMENTAEY
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
BY
lAJOK E. B. SOANE, G.BJ., POLITICAL
DEPARTMENT.
BAGHDAD : PRINTED AT
THE
GOVERNMENT
1919.
PRESS.
nPHIS sketch of elementary Kurmanji is intended primarily for whose
duties
tricts
of
that of
Ivith
the
use
leads
them
Kurdistan.
The
Sulaimaniyah
slight
latitude 36«.
and
variations,
of officers to
the
dialect district
as
far
and
others
southern
dis¬
here
treated
and
is
north
as
is
current
about
PRONUNCIATION
To speak simple
AND
ALPHABET.
Kurmanji with a poor accent is not
difficult, but its fine gradations of vocals from simple vowel sounds
through
numerous
diphthongs
and semi-vocals
to
other simple vowel
sounds makes
it very difficult to pro¬
nounce accurately.
It also possesses a large store of semi
consonants, the results of erosions and metamorphic labials and palatals.
The student, however, will have to sharpen his
ear considerably before he can hope to pronounce these.
For practical purposes the following are the letters which suffice for the simple alphabet.
,
VOWELS.
a
as
a
e e
a
he came
rrash
black.
bet
let him come
e
bet
yek
one
beet
îsh
work
bit
mimk
a breast
kokha
a cough
i
,,
o
hole
oo
boot
dûan
two
put
amust
a finger
Fr. rendu
khiin
blood
dyk
mother.
u
u
ii
u
y
,,
byt
These are the simplest to
reduced.
hat
bete
ee
y
Ex.
e
i
Û
bat*
a
i
o
in father
which the
vowels can
Strictly speaking they should be sub-divided.
be
The
earnest student may divert himself by attempting to distin* Never pronounced as u in but. t Pronounced broad and full, not in a mincing manner.
2
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
guish the 47 vocals into which Justi divided Kurdish vowel sounds.
CONSONANTS.
These consist of the couplet consonants :
b, p ;
d, t ;
j, ch ; gh, kh ; h, h ; z, zh ; s, sh ; g, k ; and f, 1, 1, m, n, q, r, w.
The
following
alone
require
remark,
the
remainder
having approximately the same value as in English :
*
gh
the " ghain " of Arabic
kh
the harder form of gh
h
guttural aspirate (also as in Arabic)
1
the liquid 1 pronounced with an
accompanying
movement of the throat muscles.
All of the above must be heard to be understood, there are no equivalents in English.
g is always hard as in " girl", never soft as in "gem ". The combination ng is a common one in Kurdish and is
pronounced like our own ng, a nasal, as "hang",
a bee,
pronounced exactly as the English word "hang".
THE
Gender,As a rule
does
become
no
necessary to
NOUN.
distinction is made ;
distinguish
where it
between male and
female the words nêr, male, and ma or mang, female, are employed, as in the examples below :
(a) where
the
noun
does
not
indicate
psink, a cat
Psink-i-nêr, a torn cat. Psink-i-ma, a female cat.
gender,
as
THE
NOUN.
(b) where the noun in
3
its simple form indicates the
as garnish, a buffalo. mangamlsh, a buffalo cow.
Number.
The
numbers
are
diminutive,
singular,
and
plural, each with its own form.
from pîo,
as pîoaka
aka
Diminutive.-
a man.
zhinaka
zhin,
a woman.
malaka
mal,
a house.
IdaSl -^ P^hiêla
-ela,-
from pshî,
a cat.
-ela,-
jii,
jiielaka pchûkêla
a Jew.
pchûk,
,,
small.
The most generally used is the first form, and has largely lost
its
meaning,
being
used
with
almost
any
word as a
euphonic only with no intention of diminutive meaning. Singular.
In its simple form the noun is in the singular
number, and no inflexion is used unless to emphasize the fact that one alone is meant, when the following are used : (a)
when noun form is not in diminutive, -ek is used.
(b) when noun form is in diminutive, -Î is used thus : Pio,
a man
Ploek,
Kurr, a boy
one man
Kurrek, one boy but
Pioaka,
a man
(dim.)
Ploakai,
Kurraka,
a boy
(dim.)
Kurrakai, one boy (dim.).
Plural
one man (dim.).
To form the plural -an or -akan is added to the
form and there is no general rule
for determination
,^y
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR
as to which should be used, both being permissible in most cases.
Thus
Sag,
a dog
Sagan
or
Sagakan.
Zhin,
a woman
Plural
Zhinan
or
Zhinakan.
Kurr,
a boy '
Kurran
or
Kurrakan.
Nouns ending in a and I usually take the akan plural ex : Masi,
a fish
Maslakan,
fished.
Bra,
a brother
Brakan,
brothers.
\y-
WORD
LIST.
bra
brother
Qair
Qadir
khushk
sister
bang ka !
call !
minal
child
bali
yes
kurra
boy, son
na
no, not
kich
girl, daughter
a
plo
man
hayya
zhin
woman
nîa
zur
much, very
en
they are
gora
big
nîen
they are not
pçhûk
small
bû
he, she, it was
bûn
they were
era
here
ora
there
_ bash
[good, well
chak
e:
I bad
kharo pîs
is not
am, a ma
this that
'
himal
at home
aw,
Hama
Muhammad
ish
also
now
warra !
come !
îsta
awa
osa
then
brrCia
go !
ku?
where ?
wa,
and
Exercise
o
-
1.
Verbs (except imperatives) come at the end of the sentence. Warra
Minal
o
era
zhino
kuna !
Kurraka
khushk î
era nîa.
pchûk era
en.
Minfilaka
kCi
a ?
Pioakan ora bun ?
DECLENSION.
Na, lamal bian. kharo a.
Brrua lamal.
5
Aw kurra chak a wa am pioaka
Hama bang ka ! Am kichaka ziir
pchQk a.
ora hayya ? Bali wa zhin ish hayya. Ista warra !
Translation
Come here,
boy.
Come
The boys are very big. is a child.
Exercise
1.
here,
there.
not
Bra
Pshîêla kû a ?
It is well.
Yes, and the sister (diminutive form)
Call the women and the men also.
They are not
there now.
This is no good (" This good is not "). That also
is no good.
Go, call the little boy.
Now ? Yes, now.
DECLENSION.
Nominative.
The noun
in
its
simple
form is
in
the
nominative,
Accusative.
As a general rule there is no inflexion indi¬
cating this case, though occasionally the old accusative with tqjminal -I is heard, as :
Am marl bikuzha, form
kill this snake,
the
nominative
heard all
over South
being mar.
^^ The accusative in
-a is
regularly
^^distan as Am mara bikuzha
Geniiivi.
Kill this snake.
This case is expressed by the particle i added
la thj^ualificativ^, as Mal Î min, my house, lit. the house of me.
Dar'l soz, the green tree
the tree of greenness.
Tfenk i Hama, Hama's gun the gun of Hama.
This combination cannot strictly form
as it
is really i)ut
meaning "of".
a
parallel of
be called a genitive French
usage,
the î
6
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
A final î expresses the dative case, but does not
Dative.
dispense with the use of the 'preposition.
Also
use of î
the
is not universal and quite often the noun is uninflected. Thus : But :
bida be faqiri give to the poor.
"
bida be faqlr is equally correct and as usually
employed.
Ablative. da is not
Like the dative inflexion, the ablative suffix
now universally heard,
nor
does
its
use
dispense
with the need of the preposition. Thus :
la sharda, or,
lashar
From
the
town
are
equally regular.*
EXAMPLE
OF
DECLENSION
Mal
A
OF
HOUSE.
Plural.
Singular.
Nominative. Accusative.
Malan, malakan.
Mal. Mal, mali,
Malan, malanl,
Dative.
malakan,
mala-
kani, malana, malakana.
mala. Genitive.
NOUN.
î mal. Mal, mall.
Î malan, Î malakan. Malan, malanî, malakan,
mala¬
kan!.
Ablative.--Mal.i malda,
Malan, malanda, malakan, malakanda.
WORD
LIST.
hasp
horse
Hatin
they came
main
mare
arrûa
he, she,
it goes
hêster
mule
rrûl
he, she,
it went
kar
donkey
rrûîn
they went
ga
ox
la derawa
For Khaniqin district and very occasionally
in=o is regular. market.
;
outside Sulaimaniyah Ablative
Thus, la sharo, la bazaro :from
the town,
from
the
EXAMPLE OF DECLENSION OF NOUN. manga
cow
la nao
inside
chi
what
amma
but
ki
who
rrê
road
chan
how many,
awai
village
how
much
hêch
none,
azanim
I know
any
min im
I am
êma in
we are.
y
nazanim
I know
hat
he, she, it.
suwar
horseman
a, be
to, at, in
aza
brave
SulaimanI
Sulaimanii
shêrîn
pretty
Holir
Erbil
bia!
give !
bigira !
Take
bîêna !
bring !
yan
or
not came
tarramash
rogue
la
from, at
Ezerciie 2.
Kurra, min haspek î bash Bigira,
bîa
be
manida ki hat ?
suwar.
Pio zur hat.
suwar i hasp yan main
gerekma,
Am rre
yan
arrûa
ama chi a
Holir ?
Nazanim.
a ? Aw haspi bîa Hama.
chî
Sulai-
bun ?
Suwar
i
hêch
nabûn
Chan suwar la
La Chemchemal be Kirkuk chan Hama suwar î aza nia, Qair chak a.
Kicheki shêrîn la malda hayya.
Sulaimani ?
La
Ball, azanim plo ziir hat, amma
Karaka la kurra i aw zhinaka bigira bia Qair. Surdash hatin ?
haspek a ?
Zhin i Hasan hat.
Hat a Sulaimani.
Kurra
hêster
Kî hat
bîêna.
a
Êma
suwar în.
Translation
The girls of the
Sulaimania.
mad.
are not pretty,
2.
pretty
girls are
Hama's wife was a girl of the Jaf.
horses out to grazing. to Bana.
Jaf
Exercise
He came from Sulaimania
in
Take the
and
went
Bring that big horse here and give it to Muham¬
Kill that cat.
I am from Erbil.
Where is the son of
8
KURMANJI
that woman ?
In the
house
bring these donkeys.
GRAMMAR.
of the
horsemen.
Go
SUFFIXIAL
ATTRIBUTIVES.
A number of suffixes are used with nouns to
butives, of which the following are the
most
and a knowledge of which is necessary :
1.
-ana meaning -ly, Ex.
outside,
I don't know where they are.
form
attri¬
generally
used,
-
in the manner of
sal>,
a year
salana
yearly.
mang
a month
mangfina
monthly.
faqîr
a humble
faqirana
in a humble
person.
manner.
2. -chi meaning " one who does " or " performs." jar
a call
jarchi
a watchman,
naowa
a
naovvachi
a sentinel.
beat
3. -ger meaning a " worker in " or " maker of." Zêrîn
gold
Zêrînger
a goldsmith.
Asin
iron
Asinger
a blacksmith.
4. -in meaning "full of" "at" " made of." Gham
sorrow
Ghamîn
distressed.
Pêsh
the front
Pêshîn
the foremost.
Ber
previous
Berin
long before, first.
5. -kar meaning " one who does " or " makes." Jot
'
Drû
a plough
Jotkar
a peasant.
a lie
Drûkar
a liar,
6. -dar meaning " possessor of ". Khizna
a treasury
Khiznadar
a treasurer.
Zwan
a tongue
Zwandar
articulate.
SUFFIXIAL ATTRIBUTIVES.
-yar signifying the
agent.
Kir
purchase
Kiryar
purchaser.
Jot
plough
Jotyar
ploughman.
-wan meaning a keeper, " pertaining to." Derga
a gate
Pas'
a sheep
Dergawan
a janitor.
Paswan
a shepherd.
Ga
a cow
Gawan
cowherd.
Amust
a finger
Amustwan
a ring.
^
WORD
rozh
day
sho
night
amro
to-day
dwêna
}
dwêka
LIST.
pashawa
latterly,
after,
for, because of
bo
yesterday
bo chi
why ?
bo ama ki
for this reason that
subhêni, beyani
to-morrow
amanda
this much, so
dost
friend
awanda
that much, so
dizhmin
enemy
la bar î
by
dar
wood, tree
1
altûn
reason of, be cause
1
zêr
sub
sequent.
gold -
zîw
silver
para
money
awzengî
stirrups
I
him, to him, of him
laqo
bridle *
zln
saddle
jaran
formerly
it, off her, to her. of her da
he, she, it gave
bird
he, she, it took away
Exerciie
3.
Dwêka Qair o Hama hatin bo mangana.
a para î zur a.
Qair zeringer
Hama be faqirana hat wa mangana^ bird
10
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Hama bo chî be faqirana hat ? Hama ish awanda para î nîa,
Hama o Qair dost
Jaran zur dost bun ista la bar î zhin
en yan dizhmin en ? Î Hama dizhmin en.
Bo ama ki zhin î kharo a.
asinger a.
Bo chi ?
Qair tarramashek a, amustwan
I zêrîn bo zhin I Hama da.
Translation
Amina's distressed.
rings
were
Exercise
silver
and
3.
golden,
but
she
was
The mare was pretty that day, golden stirrups
and silver saddle,
but to-day
saddle wooden.
Hama took his monthly wages (mangana)
from
the
treasurer
wife to-day.
yesterday,
and
gave
iron and her
thep
to
Qaip's
Qair is very distressed and is going (he goes)
to Erbil to-morrow. are enemies.
her stirrups are
For this reason,
too,
(la bar i)
they
Yes, I know, but Amina is so pretty.
PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
1.
The
the
form of
complete
Pronoun.
The
simple
(nouns are
Plural.
Singular. Min
I
êma
We.
Tu
Thou
êwa
You.
Aw, awa
He, sha, it.
awan
They.
Note :
Kurdish is precise in its use of 2nd Persons When
is used,
speaking
no
to
one
person
complimentary
the
2nd
use of the
Singular and Person
Plural.
singular alone
2nd person plural
being
pennitted, as is common in Persian and Turkish.
These Pronominal forms are, subject to exactly the same rules
of
however,
declension not
flections to "
.
T
as
the
incorrect,
indicate
noun
but
already
unnecessary
the cases,
described. to
use
It
these
is^ in¬
excepting alone in the geni-
1
*Omit " them " in translation.
.
..
PRONOUNS AND
PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
11
tive, which is the same as the Possessive Pronoun mentioned later.
2.
The Enclitic Pronouns.
The enclitic is that form of the pronoun which cannot ,be used alone, but which is dependant upon another word,, to which it must be joined as seen below. The enclitic pronouns are :
Singular.
Plural. -iman,
-im
It will
-in
-it
-itan,
-in
-I
-lan,
-In
be noticed that the first form of the plural is-
exactly regular, being but the addition of -an to the singular.. The second form of the plural is used only with verbs. These
in
their
pronouns
use,
though
and fulfil all
weak
the
in
duties
form
of
are
the
complete
independent
forms.
They only appear as Nominatives when used with verbs, as
in
the
following
examples,
with
the
verb
stem,
kawt,
"fall." Kawtim
I fell
Kawtiman
We fell.
Kawtit
Thou fellest.
Kawtitan
You fell.
Kawti
He fell.
Kawtîan
They fell.
and -im kawt
I fell.
-iman kawt
We fell.
-it kawt
Thou fellest.
-itan kawt
You fell.
He fell.
-ian kawt
They fell.
.
-i kawt
They appear as Genitives in examples such as the follow¬ ing, such
genitive
form giving a possessive
meaning in most
cases :
Sarim
Malian
my head, i.e., the head of me.
their house, i.e., the house of them.
12
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
.In the following cases the pure genitive value is seen : Qsaman akan
they speak of us.
Khêyalî aka
he thinks of her.
They appear as pure Datives in frequent instances as para dayan
money gave he to them.
Ihough the preposition pê is'generally used to avoid confu¬ sion making an apparent dative, as follows : peim
to me.
pêiman
to us.
pêit
to thee.
peitan
to you.
pel
to him.
pêîan
to them.
They appear regularly as Accusatives as in the following instances :
The
Kushtian
he killed them.
Akuzhimit
I will kill thee.
learner
is
warned
that
the
use
of
the
enclitic
pronoun is very idiomatic and very confusing, and demands close
attention.
Full
treatment
of
its
use
will
be
found
in my larger Grammar.
Such difficulties as the following will have to be under¬ stood, e.g., rûtîanit krd, where two enclitics follow and permit of two interpretations, according as -ian and -it are taken as nominatives or' accusatives.
Further treatment of the enclitics will be found under Verb forms and sentence construction.
WORD LIST. ikam
which
ser
head
her dûk
both
In
we are
hamû-
all
in
you are
hamûwakht
always ,
kot
fell
PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
herrozh
every day
dî
saw
elbet, helbet
of course
gut
said
ki
that
alaim
I say
kê?
when ?
alal
he says
13
her ista
right now
blai!
tell, say to !
Ish
affairs, work,
la chû
get out of the
liwê
there
deeds
way
chi bkam
what can I do ?
wha
thus
chi blaim
what can I say ?
das
hand
qai naka
all right ! it does not matter.
Exercise 4.
Hasp Î min ku a ?
I min yan Blai
pêî
arrûim
Qair
haspakam
bo
bîêna.
haspakim.
das
I
min nia,
zhin
i
zhin I
kharo In.
tu
Zhinî
Hama
Êwa bo chi chak In ? be
bird i.
o
a,
Qair.
Hama a.
and
I
to-day there. matter,
Amina,
know
La
dûkîan
her
chi
bkam,
they
Exercise
where are
in
he is
a rogue,
are
Yesterday he
are thus, all. of you.
fell
from
his
min
bang ka !
Her
I
house,
he
Qai naka.
don't
know.
Qair saw them It doesn't
is a good
horse.
zhin i
dûkitan
4.
they ?
their
but
chû,
Amina
pêîtan ?
blaim
Of course, he thinks of her always.
I know
hasp
paraiman, Ishiman hamii
Min
Chi
bû.
Call Qair and tell him that I want my mare. now.
hasp!" bird,
Hama be min alal, Qair, akuzhimit !
Hama but
suwarî
Qair
Haspiman,
Translation
Yes,
Kam
Ish iman kharo a la bar î am Qair.
hasp I tu ?
horseman.
When ? Yes,
your
Right works
14
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
The Possessive Adjective. This is practically but the genitive
form of the pronoun,
as follows : {a)
1 mm
my
I êma
our.
itu
thy
îêwa
your.
I awa
his
i awan
their,
(b)
im
-iman
-it
-itan.
The Possessive Pronoun.
While
the
above
may
be
used,
there
is
also
a
form
often employed for the possessive pronoun as follows :
.f^
hînî min
mine.
hinl êma
ours.
J
hini tu
thine.
hînî êwa
yours.
j KJL'-CI-'
hinî aw
his.
hînî awan
+v.«>;.-o theirs.
J!
j
^-"^
The Reflexive Pronouns,
These are formed regularly by the word khwa, "self" followed by the enclitic form, less the short initial vowel. 4'
myself.
khwaman
ourselves,
khwat
thyself.
khwatan
yourselves,
khwal
himself,
khwaiani
themselves.
' V^ khwam
The
declension exactly follows that of the noun with¬
out exception.
The Demonstrative Adjectives.* These are : this, these
am, am, hin.
that, those
aw.
this same
haram.
that same
haraw,
PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
15
used regularly as follows : am mal
this house,
am malan
these houses,
aw mal
that house,
aw malan
those houses.
The Demonstrative Pronouns.* Plural.
Singular. ama
this
amana
these.
awa
that
awana
those.
harawa
that same.
Itir
the other
harama
this same.
Examples of their use : what is this ?
ama chia
Itir pel biaI
give him the other.
na, awana albem
no, I will take those.
awa qai naka
That does not matter.
Bali, harawa aizhim
Yes, I mean that same.
The Interrogative Adjectives and Pronouns. These are of the same forms. Who ?
Ki.
What ?,
Chi.
Which ?
What sort of ?
Kam.
Chlûn, chiin
as in the examples below:-
Ama chi rrela
what road is this ?
Kam rre birrûîn
which road shall we talce ?
*The difference between demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns
is
exemplified
by
the
use
of
"this"
in
the
following
two
sentences :
Who is the man ?
Here "this" being introductive
of a noun,
is an
adjective.
What is this ?
Here "this" is introductive of no noun, but takes the
place of one, and therefore
is
a
pronoun.
The distinction
is necessary
Kurmanji as the actual words of the two classes of speech şre'different.
KURMANJI
16
GRAMMAR.
Chlûn pîoîa
what sort of man is he ?
Ki hat
who has come ?
ChIa
what is it ?
Kl, chi, kam, are
declined exactly in the same way as
nouns.
The
Relative Pronouns.
The \yord ku
or
ki
assumes the
duty of
the
relative
pronouns who, which, and that, as : plo ku hat
the man who came,
main ku kirrîm
the mare which I bought.
Sulêmani ku sharî êmaya
Sulaimaniyah which is our town.
This
pronoun
is
indeclinable,
and
to
form
cases
an
ellipses is employed as :
The man to whom, pioi ku be awa
literally, the man who to him.
The man of, or from, whom,
literally, the man
ploi ku la awa
for, from, whom to him.
The
Indefinite
Pronouns.
These are : Kas
one.
Hêchkas
no
Filan
such a ohe, so and so.
one.
Hamukas
everyone.
Chishtek
something.
Chan
some.
Herdûk
both.
Zûr, gal
many.
Hamû
all.
Hêch
no, not any.
These are subject to the same declension as uouiis.
PRONOUNS AND PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.
17
WORD LIST.
iamopesh
formerly
kharik
busy, employed
lamopash
in future
garmian
the warm country
amsal
this year
lawar
grazing
sal Î par
last year
dil
heart, mind
tapû
freehold
pas
sheep
koda
animal taxes
harzan
cheap
ish
as well as, also
giran
dear
little, scarce.
kirri
bought
hêna
brought
many
gerekm bû
Î wanted
akan
they make, do
kem
, 1
^
gal
)
galek
j
Ajaman
the Persians
ferût
sold
nasakhi
sickness, illness:
abê
will be
jerdai
brigandage
'^ Exercise
5.
Main ku Hama kirri hlni min bû.
La Sula imani hamu¬
kas zhinî khwal hayya, wa chan kas zhin i kas Itir ian ish hayya.
Min mainek i chak gerekm bu, ama chîa-balî, har¬
ama aizhim (or, alalm) Ama kl bo tu hêna ?
Jaran Hama-
wand galek suwar o main o tufenk ian bu, be jerdai rrûîn,
ista khwaian kharik akan be jotkarl î khwaian. hêch jerdai la Hamawand nia inshallah !
Lamopash
Hasan Beg tapû
Î khwal be min ferût, Ista min tapû im zur a.
Translation Exercise 5.
Last year the Persians sold their women for (be) money. Who bought ?
I know not, but I know that the man who
bought a woman bought also sickness.
the Jaf will be much this year. bought he did
The animal tax of
The mare which Hama
not buy (bought not) with his own money
18
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
This year grazing was scarce in (la) the warm country and everyone
sold
his
own
sheep
cheap.
I
do
not know
my
own mind, what can I say ?
THE
1.
ADJECTIVE.
The adjective or qualifying word follows the noun
it qualifies, and is connected to it by the particle -i-, as :
2.
Mal-I-gora
a large house.
Kich-1-shîrin
a pretty girl.
Plo-I-aza
a bold man.
In
some
instances
the
adjective
may
precede
the
noun, when the -i- particle is not used, as :
The
Hîzbo
a bad fellow.
Zardawala
a yellow hornet.
Gapio
a bovine fellow.
Comparative
degree
is
formed
by
the
addition of
the syllable -tir to the Positive, as ; Gora
large.
goratir
larger.
Shirin
pretty.
shêrîntir
prettier.
Chak
good.
chaktir
better.
The Superlative degree is formed by introducing the Com¬
parative form by the words la hamu (meaning "than all"),
iXf^'
v as :
Chaktir
better.
La hamu chaktir
best.
Goratir
larger.
La hamu goratir
largest.
^
\
These rules are absolutely regular and constant.
The Comparative Phrases. (1)
as
as, asin:
" This is as dear as that."
/
" ' '" "*"
^/.V^'
THE
An
elliptical
phrase
19
ADJECTIVE.
must
be
used,
no
exact
parallel
existing in Kurmanji as, for instance :
Giranl ama wa awa yeklka
the
,
(2)
dearness of this
and
that is one.
Not as
as, as in :
This is not as dear as that. Here the following ellipses express the meaniiig.
Ama wakii awa giran nia Literally.
This is not so dear as that.
This like that is not dear. or
Ama wa giranl awa nia.
Lit.
This of the dearness of that is not.
(3)
er
er, as :
The higher, the fewer. Construction
is
as
in
English,
but
introduced
by
and sometimes chi.
Thus :
har barztir, kamtir or chi barztir, kamtllv
NUMERALS.
The
Cardinal
Numbers.
1.
Yek.
18.
Hezhda.
2.
Diian.
19.
NiJezda.
3.
Slan.
20.
Bis.
4.
Char, chwar.
21.
Bis o yek.
5.
Penj.
35.
SI.
40.
Chel.
Hot.
50.
Penja.
8.
Hesht.
60.
Shest.
9.
Nih.
70.
Hefta.'
.6. ' Shash. 7.
har,
20
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
10.
Dah.
80.
Heshta.
11.
Yanza.
90,
Nawd.
12.
Dwanza.
13.
Sianza, Ziada.
200.
Dusuo, dûsat.
14.
Charda, chwarda.
300.
Sêsat.
500.
Pansat.
100.
15.
Panza.
16.
Shanza.
1,000.
17.
Hewda.
10,000.
1919_^hezar o niisat o niiezda
So, siiot.
Hazar, hezhar. Dah hazar.
Lit.,
a thousand and
nine hundred and nineteen.
Concord Nouns.
As a general
rule it is
not
necessary
to express the plural number of the noun with a numeral -ex. Fifty years penja sal,
not penja salan
fifteen pounds
panza lira not panza lirakan.
Fractions.
The
only
two
expressed
by
single
words
are:
Niw, nima
half.
Charek
quarter.
All others are expressed by the forms : One of five, six, etc., or five one, six one, etc.
Thus:yth Yek la penj
or penj
yek.
rth yek la hot-
or hot yek, and so on.
THE VERB.
The
Auxiliaries.
" to be " and " to become " These present some difficulties, and being (though not actually one) very close in formation one to the other, are best placed side by side.
THE VERB.
21
The verb "to become", not used very much in English
as an auxiliary, is employed as such in Kurmanji to form the passive voice of the verb from a simple form, where English uses " to be." For instance, the passive voice of the verb " to catch " is in English " to be caught ", but in Kurmanji is " to become caught".
It will be seen that more than one form occurs, each
having
its
own
use
according
to
its
context.
As
the
Sulaimania district form is limited in the scope of its use in some forms, other useful forms have been placed in paren¬
thesis, which the student of Sulaimania alone may disregard. Only
the
forms
commonly
used
in
conversation
are
cited.
INFINITIVES.
Bûin
to be
Bun
Present Participle
to become
Past Participle Bûa
Wanting
INDICATIVE
Present
been, become
MOOD.
Tense.
Affirmative.
(a)
(North of Zab)
(b)
Min im
min haim
I am
Min abim
I become
min dabim
Tui
tu haî or
thou art
Tu abî or
Thou be-
tu dabî
hait Oa
o hayya
he, she, it
abit
comest
O abe or
He, she, it,
abet
is
o dabê
becomes
£)ina in
êma haîn
we are
Ema abin
We become
êraa dabîn
!fêwain
êwa han
you
Ewa abin
You become
ango dabin
Awan en
awan han
thev are
are
Awan aben They become win dabin
22
'
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Neg.'^tivk.
I am not, etc.
I become not, etc-
Min nim
Min nabim
Tu nit
Tu nabit
O nia
O nabê, nabêt
Êma nîn
Êma nabin
Êwa nîn
Êwa nabin
Awan nin
Awan nabin
Preterite
Tense.
I was I became
line form for b(
The
negative
of
Min
bum
Tu
bûî
O
bû
Ema
bûîn
Ewa
bûn
Awan
bûn
this
tense
is
formed
regularly
prefixing namin nabûm, tu nabûî, etc.
Imperfect Tense.
I used to be I used to become
(Same form for both)
(Sulaimania)
(North of the Zab)
Min abûm
Min dabûm, or dambû
Tu abûî, or abûit
Tu dabfii, or datbu
by-
INDICATIVE
O abû
MOOD.
23
O dabû, or dabû
Êma abûln
Êma dabûin, or damanbû
Êwa abûn
Ango dahûn, or datanbû
Awan abûn
Wan dabûn, or dayanbû
The negative is formed by the addition of na- simply in
the north of Zab dialects,* but the Sulaimania prefixes na- 4an almost inaudible D, which is heard very slightly as an
extremely soft th.
The negative is written na-abûm, etc., and
pronounced nathabûm the th being as above noted practi¬ cally inaudible.
Pi:ki'i:ct
Tense.
I have been I have become
(Same for both verbs)
(Sulaimania)
The
Dambûa
Tu bûi
Datbûa
O bûa
Dabûa
Êma bûln
Damanbûa
Êwa bûn
Datanbûa
Awan bûn
Dayanbûa
is
' '
(North of Zab)
Min bum
negative
'
formed
in
Sulaimania
by
prefixing
na-, and in north of Zab dialects by changing initial d- for initial n-.
Pluperfect
^
Texse.
I had been I had become
* Except dambft, etc., which becomes nambû, etc., in the negative.
Si4
KURMANJI
.
-
GRAMMAR.
(Same form for both) Min
bûbûm
Tu
bûbûi
0
bûbû
Êma
bûbûin
Êwa
bûbûn
Awan
bûbûn
The negative is formed regularly by prefixing na-. This tense is not much used.
Future
Tense.
1 shall be I shall become
This is exactly the same as the
Present
Indicative of
the verb " to become ".
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That I be, having also the Optative value.
May I be
That I become, having also the Optative value. May I become
(Same form for both verbs.). (Sulaimania)
(Jaf, Hamawand and extreme south)
ki bim, bibim
ki bam
ki bit, bibit
ki bai
ki be, bet, bibaya, ba\a
ki bat
ki bin, bibin
ki bain
ki bin, bibin
ki ban
ki bin, bibin
ki ban
SUBJUNCTIVE
.25
MOOD.
Negative.
ki nabim
ki nabam
ki nabit
ki nabai
ki nabê, nabêt
ki nabat
ki nabin
ki nabain;
ki nabin
ki naban
ki nabin
ki naban
The
Perfect
tenses
of
the
Subjunctive
is
not
colloquially.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I were, etc.
min bûmaya
êma bûinaya
tu bûtaya
êwa bûnaya
o boaya
awan bûnaya
Pluperfect
Tense.
That, or, if I had been That, or, if I had become
(Same form for both verbs.).
(Sulaimania)
(Jaf and the south)
ki bibuamaya
ki bûamassa
ki bibuaitaya
ki bûîassa
ki bibuaya
ki bûassa
ki bibuainaya
ki bûainagsa
ki bibuanaya
ki bûanassa
ki bibuanaya
ki boanassa
Imperative.
Be! Become !
used
,
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
(Sanie form for both verbs) Singular
Bibe !
Plural
Bibin
Negative. Singular
Maba !
Plural
Mabin
The' Uses
of the
Tenses
of the
Auxiliaries.
To be " and " To become " Indicative Mood, Present Tense.
(i)
Form (a) of the verb " to be."
This is
the
more
must always come
generally used of
at the
end of
the
the
two
sentence,
forms.
as
shown
It in
the examples below, which have literal translations bracketed with them
/Diiiya
sar
a
(The weather cold is
(Tu
-
goj
I
(Bagha
diier a
(Ba.ghdad
far
(Hawin
Î
is
Sulaimani feniik a
(Thou a fool art
(The summer of Sulaimania cool is
(Min
Kurd im
(RomI
ll
Kurd am
(The Turks now regretful
(2)
Ista
pashiman
en
are
Form (b) of the verb " to be."
This is used to express the meanings " there is ", " there are ",
" is there ? ". " are there ? "
as in the following exam¬
ples :
Nan la mal hayya ?
Is there bread in the house ?
Dar la Qaradfigh zCir hay>'a
There are many trees
in
Qaradagh.
Khwa la asmang hayya ?
Is there a
God in heaven ?
It is also used when the emphasis in the sentence is the verb, as in the following examples :
on
SUBJUNCTIVE
MOOD.
27
Nan la mal hayya (as above) lays stress on the existence of bread, without regard to whether it is
other place.
in
the
house or
If we say Nan la mal a, the translation is, " the
bread is in the house ", the use of the weak form of the verb having shifted the emphasis of the sentence from the subject,
and left it upon the subsidiary " la mal " making the meaning, to be that bread is in the house as
opposed to any other
place.
Or similarly,
Hasan bok I min a,
meaning that Hasan,,
not another, is my father, but
Hasan bok I min hayya lays stress
upon the fact that
Hasan is my father.
The form has another use yet, where it forms a reply to a question without repeating the subject, as Liwê i ?
Art thou there ?
Ball, haim
Yes, I am
(3) Indicative Mood, Present Tense of the verb " to become."
This is used,
besides its ordinary functionsr to express
the conditional of the verb
"to be"
as in the following
literally translated examples :
jmazani chlun abet
(Gutin
tl knew how it would be
(They said here they would be
/Min pê it
11
gutim kê
hazir
era
abin
abim
to thee said when ready I would be i.e.,
I told you when I should be ready.
It is also used to express the Potential, in the phrases
" it, he can be ", " it can ", it is possible " as in th'e follow¬ ing :
(pio
nabê
bifarra
tman cannot fly f Nabê !
(chûnabet?
(how
Nabê !
jlmpossible 1 Impossible
(Elbet, abê
can it be ? (of course it can be
(Amrozh nia wa pash ish î nabêt
(To-day it is not, and afterwards also it cannot be
28
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
Preterite
(a) ployed ;
Used
as
in
English,
Tense.
as,
kharik
bO,
he
was, em¬
min birsi bum, I was hungry.
(b)
Used in place of the Future tense when the action
is just about to occur, as,
suwar bum I
have mounted, mean¬
ing I am just about to mount.
(c) or
Used for the future perfect
become ;
where
English
" I shall have been,"
colloquially
uses
the
Present
Indicative, as
ki
zengin bum
and when rich
mall
akirrim
I shall have become, a house will I buy
or colloquial English :
And when I am rich,
I shall buy
a
house.
agar baran bu
if ki
rain
ganum
chak abe.
shall have been the wheat good will be
suwar
biiln
birriiin
a Kirkuk
and when mounted you shall be, go to Kirkuk or colloquial English :
And when you
have
mounted,
go to
Kirkuk.
Imperfect
(fl)
Tense.
Used as in Enghsh, as la wakhti
RomI
kharapl
abû
In the time of the Turks, evil used to be.
{b)
Used for the Conditional Past, " I should have been,"
etc., as
Bali zengin bibuaya, Yes, rich
chak abCi
had he been, well it would have been
This use only occurs when preceded as in the above example, by a purely conditional phrase.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
29
MOOD.
Tense.
{a) The optative use is mostly noticed, in phrases such as the following :
agar drû im kird, kûer bim
if lies I told, blind may I become ! Umi im hayya ki gum bit
Hope I have that lost thou may be.
(b) Used in its ordinary sense, it occurs as in
examples
below
Ba suwar bin
Permit mounted that t^ey be,
i.e., let them mount.
Hagar hato be garm abet
If sunshine it be, warm will it be.
Imperfect
(a)
Tense.
Used as a rule in the optative sense, as Kashke ista le Lundra bûmaya Would that now I in London were
or, colloquially, Would that I were in London now, or, I wish I were, etc.
(6) Used to express the meaning " if I were ", etc. Agar zengin bûmaya, chi im akird If I were rich, what would I do. Agar tu her tinia kichi dinya bûtaya
If you were (thou wert) the only girl in the world.
Pluperfect
Tense.
This has the same use as the Imperfect and is a develop¬
ment of the time idea to a previous time.
30
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
It therefore signifies "if, or, that I had been" as follows : agar pio bibuSmaya wha be ser im na-ahat
If a man I had been thus on the head of
me
would
not have come.
i.e,,
If
I
had been a man
this would not
have
happened
to me.
Bali zengin bibuaya chak abû
Yes, rich had he been it would have been well.
SUBJUNCTIVE
- -J ii
31
MOOD.
" 11
1)
a
n
o
«
c
^5
c
SS H.S
.:: X
zc
n
,3 0 g X3 /0 XI J3 rt
.3 .S .S .3
.3 .3 .S .S
-S
S
c
.-.
i3 X) X
S S rS; j^
£
g
3 X
3 X!
Î5
c
0)
- go b,« °
3 -c t; S 1) I) -
3 o S ^
S
-
D '_ ' -
W X
1> '
u
u
Cj 0)
O
li u '
ir 3
O
^
o
u 0)
a
a
a
3
3
a.
o
o
c
=
'o
^::^
C OS
;
be n.
I)
"a
. X
have dbe
0 rt
3
SÎ
3
c
CO II
0
O
=:
3
:r
rt
0
0
en
tn
M
HH
W
-^
!-
U(
CD
u
0}
1)
_3
^
U
U.
H
'3
QJ u-i
3
g
U
!-
0
u.
a 3
0
rt
u
pj
KURMANJI
32
GRAMMAR.
WORD
LIST.
rich, wealthy.
zengin
baran
rain
kashki
would that
minali
youth, childhood.
khalla
crops
chishtek
something.
hechwakh!:
never
khwoshbakht lucky.
aqil
wise
sakht
kawil
poor, wretched
heshta
yet.
kûer
Wind ;;
fêr
acquainted, learn¬
difficult.
ed. tersûk
coward, cowardly
amawêt
diz
robber
wakupîo
manly.
hus
silent
jotyar
ploughman
bêhêa
shameless
kirikar
labourer.
Exercise
Kharik
khalla
i
bash
ish
abet.
I
khwat
Aqil
Hama wa Aha diz abûn. bim insha'la.
be !
7.
Dwêna
buamaya Wha
1 want, wish.
nia,
baraneki
kawil
chak
na-abum.
agar
wha
hayya,
Awanda bêhêa mabin.
Hus bin ewa !
wha bûa, awrozh wha nabfi.
Suwar be,
tu !
Suwar
bu,
Jaran kuer
Bo chi
nabim,
suwarl bo min kharapa, nabê, PioI ki kharik i Ish I khwai bu, Dwêna ki la Sulaimani bu ?
zengin abet. bu,
herduk
Chishtek
iman
bo
min
bûin,
dwêna
Aha
bibuaya
chani
nabû
Min
bfim,
liwê,
khwosh
Hasan
jaran
abum.
abû. Alain
Kurmanji sakht a, sakht nia, plo zû fêr abet, Amawêt zû fêr bim.
Translation
Exercise 7.
The Persians are cowardly,
they were not formerly so,
their work is evil, and their mind is
black,
so
they
became
cowards, and are still cowards.
Had they been manly,
would not be wretched to-day.
The Ha'mawand used to be
they
robbers, now they are ploughmen and labourers and soldiers.
INDICATIVE
MOOD.
33
The Turks would have been here now if they had been wiser.
If in youth I had been lucky, I should never have been here. May he become blind !
Would that I were in London now !
THE VERB " TO Strictly "Sulaimania
speaking dialect,
there
and
is
HAVE ".
no
verb
"to have"
the purpose is served with
in a
the
com¬
pound of the verb "to be".
The verb "to have" is not used as an auxiliary for the formation
of
the
compound
tenses of verbs, the verb to be
being the only auxiliary for that purpose.
The verb has two distinct forms, one for use or
thing
possessed,
is
actually
when
mentioned,
and
the the
other when the object is not mentioned.
Infinitive. Bun
to have.
Present participle
Past participle. bûa.
Wanting
INDICATIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
Affirmative. Without object.
With object.
min
hama
I have
im
hayya
I have.
tu
hata
thou hast
it
hayya
thou hast
o
hayati
he has
i
hayya
he has
ema
hamana
we have
iman
hayya
we have.
ewa
hatana
you have
itan
hayya
you have.
awar1
hayana
they have
ian
hayya
they have.
KURMANJI
34
GRAMMAR.
Negative.
mm
nima
im
ma.
tu
nita
it
nia.
o
niia
i
nia.
ema
nimana
iman nia.
ewa
nitana
itan
nia.
awan
niiana
ian
nia.
Preterite
Tense.
I had, etc.
Affirmative.
Without object. min hstmbû tu
With object.
ê\va
hamanbû
ha-abû
êwa ewa
hatanbû
it
bu
itan
bii.
haibû
awan
hayanbû
I
bu
i^fi
bu.
im
ba
iman bu.
Negative.
min nambû
ema
namanbû
im nabii
iman nabû
tu
natbû
êwa
natanbû
it
nabû
itan najîû>
o
naibû
awan
nayanbû
î
nabû
ian nabû.
Imperfect
Tense.
I used to have, etc.
Affirmative.
Without object.
min hambû
With object.
êma hamanabû
im habö
tu
ha-abû
êwa hatanabû
it
habû
itan habû.
iman habû.
o
halbû
awan hayanabû
o
habû
ian habû.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
35
Negative.
In both forms the initial h- changes to initial n-
Perfect
Tense.
I have had, etc.
Affirmative.
Without object.
With object,
ema
bûmana
im biia
iman bua.
tu
buta
ewa
bûtana
it
bua
itan bua.
o
biiyati
awan
buyana
I
biia
ian bua.
min biima
Negative.
In both cases the verb form is prefixed by ija-
FuTURE
Tense.
I shall have.
Affirmative.
Without object.
With object,
min
abe
im
abe.
tu
abe
it
abe.
o
abe
I
abe.
ema
abê~- ,
iman abe.
ewa
abe
itan
abe.
ian
abe.
awan abe
36
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
SUBJUNCTIVE
Present
MOOD.
Tense.
That, or. May I have. Affirmative.
Without object. »
With object.
min buaina
ema
buamana
im buaya,
tu
buata
ewa
buatana
it
buaya
iman buaya. itan
buaya.
o
buayatl
awan buayana
i
buaya
ian
buaya.
Negative.
'
Formed by prefixing na- to the verb form.
Imperfect
Tense.
That I had, or.
Might I have.
*
Affirmative. Without object.
With object.
min bimbuaya ema
bimanbuaya
im bibuaya iman bibuaya
tu
bitbuaya
ewa
bitanbuaya
it
bibuaya itan
bibuaya
o
biibuaya
awan bilanbuaya
i
bibuaya
bibuaya
ian
Negative.
Formed by changing bi- to na- for both cases, and some¬
times in the form with object prefixing n- to the pronoun and
omitting initial bi-, as nim, (or nam) buaya, etc.
CONDITIONAL
CONDITIONAL
Present
37
MOOD.
MOOD.
Tense.
If I have, etc.
Affirmative. With object.
Without object.
min bimbe
ema
bimanbe
im be
iman be.
tu
bitbe
ewa
bîtanbê
it
be
itan
be.
o
bîibê
awan biianbe
i
be
ian
be.
Negative.
In the form without object,
in
the
form
with
object,
by
by substituting na-
prefixing
na-
to
for bi-,
the verb
or
pronoun.
The verb has no Imperative.
WORD
bartir
[before (time)
pêsh
LIST.
ganum
wheat. -
arzahal
petition.
pashawa
presently
doll
valley.
mang
a month
sahul
ice.
hefta
week
hair
snow.
dolamani
wealth
kazh, keû. kew mountain.
jighara
cigarette
her
nothing
but,
only,
just this that. dasalat
authority
germ!
heat. mud.
bakh
garden
qurr
khwt
tent
hatin
coming, to come.
tam
flavour.
mird
died.
3S
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Elxercise
Hêch im nia. abum.
Ish
8.
Agar chishtek im buaya, wha kawil na-
it nia?
Bartir la hatin
I
Romi,
Sulaimani zur
bakh Î bu, ista hêch I nia, inshala pashawa abet. tam i nia.
Aha para i hayya ?
Bali hayati.
Am jighara
Mangek chwar
hefta i hayya, wa du se rozhi Dasalat im be chi abim.
O ki
zhin o minal o mal o pas o ga I hayya, dolamanishi* abe. Era nan- ian hayya ? Bali, awan hayana, ema nimana. nimana,
elbet
hamana.
Rashid
Agha chan
Chlun
khwt I habO ?
Naibti, ista ish I nia.
Translation
I have a big house.
died, last year.
Exercise
8.
Muhammad had a brother, but he
Have you bread in the hoi^se ?
no wheat bread.
Hasan has a petition.
AbduUa had sheep formerly but he sold them. no Arabs it might be (abû) pleasant.
have
plenty
of water.
If Iraq had
The valleys of Mugurun
Last year
Mugurun had snow till
summer and Sulaimania had ice from it (le). has not that much snow.
We have
Take it from him.
This year it
Iraq has not mountains, it has not
snow, nothing but Arabs and heat and mud (has it).
THE
REGULAR
VERB.
This presents some apparent, but few real difficulties,
as
it is not subject to many exceptions. Every
infinitive
is
usable
in
the
same manner
as our
gerund 'in -ing, and in fact more generally expresses it than
our infinitive.
Thus, the infinitive hatin,
to come, is, as a
rule, better translated by " coming," and this applies to most infinitives. * = dolamani + ish.
THE
REGULAR VERB.
39
All infinitives are constructed of three parts : (1) the In¬
complete
stem, (2) the Complement,
Complete
stem,
(3) The
Infinitive
forming
Ending,
" -n", sometimes prefixed by a short -i
with (1) the
which is always
when
necessary'
for
euphony.
Examples :
T £
Incomplete
Infinihve.
gtem.
kêshan
to
chespin
to adhere
khestin hênan
wistin
f>
<-omplement.
Infinitive g^^^j^g
kêsh-
-a-
-n.
chesp-
-I-
-n.
to throw
kh-
-est-
-in.
to bring
hen-
-a-
-n.
to wish
wi-
-st-
-in.
draw
There are five conjugations :
1.
Of the Transitive Verb.
2.
Of the Intransitive Verb.
3.
Of the Causal Verb.
4. Of the Passive (Caudal) Verb. 5.
Of the Passive Verb.
The Transitive Verb
is
such
by
its
meaning,
which
an object upon which to exercise its action.
The Intransitive Verb is such by its expresses an
action
merely,
without
meaning,
which
demanding an object
upon which to exercise its action.
The Causal Verb is constructed from a simple though not all simple infinitives permit of :and by its meaning is transitive.
infinitive,
this development,
40
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
The Passive (Causal) Verb is constructed from the Cau¬ sal
Verb,
though
not
all
Causal
Infinitives permit of this
development.
The Passive Verb is constructed from the Simple Infini¬
tive (nearly always of a Transitive Verb), and by its meaning is intransitive.
The Causal Infinitive is formed tive by i.nserting -an- between the
from the
incomplete
Simple Infini¬ stem
and
the
Infinitive ending, as :
CAUSAL
INFINITIVE.
Simple
Incomplete
Causal
Infin.
Causal
Infinitive.
stem.
Particle.
End.
Infinitive.
-in
kêshanin.
-in
chespanin.
kêshan
to draw
kêsh-
chespîn
to adhere
chesp-
an-
wustan
to stand
wust-
an-
-in
wustanin.
sCitan
to burn
sût-
an-
-in
sûtanin.
The Passive (Causal) Infinitive is formed from the Causal by the insertion of -ra- between the Causal
Particle
and the
Infinitive ending, as in the table below.
PASSIVE
(CAUSAL)
INFINITIVE.
Passive Causal
.
Infinitive.
kêshanin
to
cause
to
draw
Incomp.
Causal
stem.
Particle.
kêsh-
-an-
(Causal) Infin.
svParticle. Infi end.
-ra-
-n
kêshanran .
chespanran..
chespanin
to
stick
chesp-
-ra-
-n
wustanin
to
arrest
wust-
-an-
-ra-
-n
wustanran
cause
siit-
-an-
-ra-
-n
sQtanran
sOtanin
to
to
burn
-an-
FIRST
41
CONJUGATION.
The Passive Infinitive is formed from the Simple Infinitive by the insertion of -ra- between the incomplete stem and the infinitive ending as :
PASSIVE
Simple Infinitive.
kêshan
to
INFINITIVE.
"'. . ^s
Passive Particle,
Infinending.
Passive Infinitive.
draw
kêsh-
-ra-
-n
kêshran. gûrran.
gûrîn
to
change
gfir-
-ra-
-n
birrin
to
cut
birr-
-ra-
-n
birrrin.
tie
best-
-n
bestran.
bestin
to
FIRST THE
-ra-
CONJUGATION.
REGULAR
TRANSITIVE
kêshan
to
VERB
draw. Past Participle
Present Participle.
kêshaû.
Wanting
INDICATIVE
Present
MOOD.
Te.nsk.
f
Formed
of,
tense
particle -f- incomplete
stem 4- pro¬
nominal (enclitic) termination aikêshim
I draw
ema
aikeshln
we
tu
aikêshlt
thou dravvest
ewa
aikêshin
you
draw
o
aikêshet
he draws
awfm aikêshin
they
draw
, min
Negative formed with prefixial n-
draw
42
KURMANJI
GRAAIMAR.
Preterite
Tense.
Formed of (a) complete stem
+
enclitic pronoun (two forms).
(ft)
Complete Stem
awsê
awsan
krraninawa
Incomplete Stem
qizhanin
to scream
rawaninawa
to force apart
rawên
rawan
stanin
to get
stên
stan
tilanin
to roll
tilên
tilan
twanawa
to molt
twên
twan
^
bwardin
to pass
bwêr
bward
^
bzhardin
to choose
bzhêr
bzhard
nardin
to send
nêr
nard
shardin
to hide
shêr
shard
"^ N "
\
zhmardin
to count
zhmêr
zhmar
gwastinawa
to shift
gwêz
gwast
parastin
to defend
parêz
parast
angawtin
to hit a mark
angêw
angawt
palawtin
to filter
palêw
palawt
rif^--
r
h
/Ua a
71
IRREGULAR VERBS.
The following verbs show irregularity as below :dan
to give
Î
da
dan
to strike
i
da
hatin
to come
e
hat
din
to see
bin
di
gutin
to speak
la
gut or wut
hishtin
to permit
hêl
hisht
hatin is further in the Imperative, which is warra
.
Wistin to wish is irregular in the formation of its tenses
as follows :-
Indicative
Present.
I wish
amanawê
we wish
adawê
thou wishest
atanawê
you wish
alwêt
he wishes
ianawê
they wish
amawê
Present
Subjunctive.
bimawê
bimanawê
bidawê
bitanawê
biawêt
bianawê
Imper-ative.
Bidawê Bitanawê
The
Preterite and other
tenses
formed from the
com¬
plete stem are regularly constructed from wist. Note :
Imperfect
The
are
Tense
an
for aikam or akam
Particles
a-,
ai-,
in
the
Indicative
Present and
erosion of the Kurmanji da-, and may be used. use
dakam,
for aehim
use
dachim.
In
Thus
Sulaimania
neighbourhood the correct form with da- is used in writing, and is under¬
stood by everyone.
Farther north it is in proper and regular use and the
Sulaimania eroded version is not heard.
73
KURMANJI
THE
GRAMMAR.
ADVERB.
Any adjective may be used as an adverb without change of form, as.
Bash hati
thou hast come well
Amawe zu Kurmanji qsa bikam
I want to speak Kurdish soon
Any
noun
may
be
used
as
an
adjective
by
prefixing
ba-, as
Ba dang hat
he came ncisily
ba rrash tamashai kird
he looked at him blackly
ba qin hal wêsta
he rose angrily
The adverbs in general use cire as follows
(1)
Negative Adverbs
hêchwakhit
never
di, itir
hêch
nothing
no longer
With these the verb requires the negative form. (2)
Adverbs of quantity and comparison
bas, bes
enough. only:
amanda,
1 as miich, as many
awaiida* J zur, gal
many, much, too
chan
somewhat
hachichani
however much,
zûrtir
more
kemtir
less'
kem,hendek few, not much
hêchnabê
at least
itir
else, still
neziki
about
har, her.
exactly, just, quite,
many
utterly,
precisely,
altogether,
cons¬
tantly, continually, repeatedly,
unin¬
terruptedly, speci¬ ally, incessantly. *Often pronounced amanga, awanga.
THE
{3)
ADVERB.
73
Adverbs of time
awakhit
then
dusubê, dubêani,
the day after to-morrow-
dwêna, dwêka
yesterday
dwsho
yesternight
par
last year
pêrar
the year before last
basirpêrar
the year before the year before
perê
the day before yesterday
basirpêrê
the day before the day before
amsal
this year
salana
yearly
last
yesterday
hamûrozh
daily, every day
hamûhefta
weekly, every week
jarek
once
pêshtir
before
zûrwakhta
often
bamzûa
already
hêshta
yet
jaran, lamopêsh
formerly
zû
soon, betimes
amjara
this time
ojara
that time
tawakhit
meanwhile
awwal
at first
lawakhta
since
lowakhta
since then
jarjari
from time to time
lamopash
henceforth
disan
still, again, once again
lapashawa
at last
pash
next
hachwakhit
whenever
74
KURiM.^NJI
GRAMMAR.
ista, istaka
now
amwakhta
pashawa
subsequently
zûtir
sooner
hêchwakhtî
ever
ki
when
lately
drang
late
hamûwakht
always
lapirraka
suddenly
herista
directly
(4) Advei-bs of place lazhurawa
up, above
lazherawa
down
laldiwarawa
down
labarawa
ahead
lapêsh
ahead
jeitir
elsewhere
ger, lador
around
lanaoa, tea
within, in
laderawa
out, outside
lashQna, laduwa behind
lasera
above, up¬
lakiia
whence
wards
lêrawa
hence
amla
hither
era, lêra
here
ora, lora, liwe
there
duer
far
hêchjê
anywhere
ku
where
bokû
whither
hamûjêk
everywhere
nezik
near
jêik
somewhere
hachjê
wherever
(S) Adverbs of mannei -. wha
so, thus
anjakh
hardly
zur, gal
very
beyekda, pewa,
together
ta
even
naawanda
not very
bo, bochi
why, because nezik
about
tozek
somewhat
so,
lagal
kemê
ki
rather
so as.
(6) Adverbs of affirmation and doubt.agar
if
labar, bo
because
bali, are
yes
na
no
elbet
certainly
by
all means.
THE
75
ADVERB.
ranga
probably
lapirraka
by chance
dabê, abê
perhaps
her, har, qat
absolutely
wana
not even
(7)
Adverbs of interrogation.
ke
when ?
bo, bochi
why ?
chun, chlun
how ?
chan
how mueh ? how
itir chan
how şiuch
take
how long ?
ku, laku
where ?
bokû
whither ?
lakii
whence ?
many?
more ?
WORD
kocher
nomads
LIST.
rrashmal
black
sheep
tents
garmian
warm country
man-
l^izin
goat
tCik
wool
mû
goathair
tela
thin pole
sing
stake
chigh
screen, mat
reed
ban
thin rope
giiris
rope
taCm
loom
barra, qall
carpet
goran
villagers
bar
load
chal
hole
gurj
clever, quick
qamish
in
wiilakh
pack animals
lawchak
beautiful
tl le
ground.
persons) chapaw
raid
hara, harao,
noise, shouts;
bOfarra
idle, stupid
kawa, shin
grey
qach
leg
beyekda
together
hamushshtêlc everything
wahawah
brIn
wound
tarr
wet
westa
craftsman
bigerr
aroimd
bekhew
to maintain.
kirdin. sersum dan
rear,
care
for
to stumble (of animals).
(of
76
KURMANJI GRAMMAR.
Exerciie
11.
Kocheri, pai ian dalain rrashmal nishtu. ian garmian naw abirêt Garmian o kewstan
bizin a.
Jega i zwistan
(passive from birdin)
be kewstan.
kirdin ian bo bekhew kirdin i
marr o
Be rrashmal,' dawar o chadir i (dative) pai abêzhrêt.
Amana la tûk o mû
akirêt.
O
tela
o
wêstani davyaraka da achaqênrêt giiris
la dar aitashin.
singana
ish
i
ke
bo rra
pewa bestrawa,
ahêlrêt
Chigh ish bigerri rrashmalakada rra
la qamish o ban I'am naoa akirêt.
Zhin la pio zlatir kharlkl
hal dan i dawar abet la
Î bo reik khestini nao mal hamûshshtêk
ki zhin
hachwakhtiek wisti
bar
la shûnek
dasti
bar
anrêt,
da
bikawêt)
kawet (or,
Wha chaktir binrawa ki zhin dawar hal dan. Zhin I Kurd zur aza o gurj a.
ian la naoda abinrêt. abin.
Pioian kharik
Awana ki la goran.
gund
I
da
Ta
bilait zhini lawchak
Kharik i taûn
kirdin I
dizi
o
o
suwari
chapaw
anishin be zamani Jafi
Goran la bar cho ian zur sûk a.
wha ian biia ke hamûshshtêkl
qali
o barra
kirdin en.
pai ian alain
La wakhtekda
gorani be
hi khwai
pioi
'zaniwa.
Ista wha namaua.
Translation
Formerly mania.
there
was
not
Exercise
a
town
11.
where is now Sulai¬
The Pashas of the Baban family were at
the Qarachwatan stream.
Sitak
with this place because of its water and its broad plain.
moved (hal girt)
his house
from Sitak
He
and settled here and
the name of the place he fixed (da na) as (ba) Sulaimani, Sulaimania.
near
Sulaiman Pasha Baban was pleased
As (chunki) it was on the road
between
not
Mosul
and Persia it rapidly (bizûr) became a big town and Sulaiman
THE ADVERB.
77
Pasha hoped that after some years he would be independent.
He subdued the Jaf and made tliem his servants and paid no taxes to Turkey.
In the war of
1820 however the power
of
the Baban broke (casual passive) and after the departure of the Persians, the Turks hoped to finish them.
The year after the Persians had gone, the death of
Muhammad
owing to
Ali Mirza in SharazQr,
(labari)
the Turks
collected a great many tribesmen (ashair) and regulars (nizam) at Chemchemal,
and
Ahmad Pasha went to Bazian where a
large number of horsemen with footmen of Qoraman
ed (passive).
collect¬
The fight took place (happened) at Der bend i
Bazian and lasted some days.
The Turks would
have
been
defeated (shikanra bun), but Ahmad Beg, who was acquainted with the Bazian mountains,
took
two guns up another pass,
and fired on (at) the Baban from behind causing (and caused) them to break and they retired demoralized.
From that time the Baban have become dispersed though
members (kasan) of the family
are
found (passive) in all
parts of Kurdistan and Turkey and are always important and well known (nasran).
KURMANJI
78
GRAMMAR.
CONJUNCTIONS. The common conjunctions are :
o
wa
ya
yan
and
ish
also, too
or
neki
not that
amma, wa
but
agar
if
wa agar
but if
wagarna
if not
bo, boama
because
na
neither...
da, di
then
van
ya
chi.
.chi
..ra
nor
either or
bashk )
perhaps
whether.,
balan j
or
PREPOSITIONS.
Strictly speaking preposition places the noun in the abla¬
tive case,
and very
In Sulaimania,
generally the ablative inflection is heard.
however,
the ablative da has degenerated to
a and wa or awa and as such is regularly heard after preposi¬ tion :
(1)
la meaning at, from, in,
of,
on,
for,
through,
along,
across, concerning.
The
noun
used
with
la
takes
final
da,
a,
or wa da
exclusively North of Zab, and all three in Sulaimania. Examples :
Hamushshtek la khwawa bu All things were from God. Beram la Kurkuka ya My brother is at Kirkuk
Zhin la mala ya The woman is in the house Lakûwa hati ?
From where have you come ?
i
PREPOSITIONS.
79
La kêlana chi alai ?
Concerning ploughing,
what do you say ?
Bakhi ema la gula purr a Our garden is full of flowers La sharwa birruin ya la derawa
Shall we
go
through
the
town
or on
the
outside.
Similarly all compound prepositions prefixed Ihe same inflection in the noun.
by la take
These are :
laser
lakhwar
lagan
laban, on
lazhêr, under
lador, around
lanas, in ; lapesht, behind ; lapêsh or labon, lata, beside ;
lakin, near ;
beside ;
before (place) ;
lagal, with ;
labin,
at
the
Tjottom of.
In Pizhder, Rania and farther North,
when la means at
in the noun takes i as :
la Serdeshti bûHe was at Serdesht
(2) a
to
The noun takes final da,
a,
wa,
but î
in
Pizhder,
of " to "
in such
Rania and farther North. Birruin a mala or malawa Let me go to the house or Northern Bichim a male.
It cannot
be
used
in
the
meaning
phrases as " I explained to him," " He gave it to Rfuhammad" being confined to the meaning of direction.
80
\
KURMANJI
(3) bo
GRAMMAR.
for, to
The noun takes no inflection.
Bia bo Hasan Give it to Hasan
Amam bo Hasan bu
This was for Hasan /
(4) be
with, by, to, on, for
When meaning with, be inflects the noun, but in the other meanings, does not do so.
Be Ahmada binera Send it with Ahmad
Be karwana hat He came with the caravan
Be zur binera; Send him by force Be agir sûtra
It was consumed by fire , Awa da be Hama He gave that to Hama Do qran bia be kazhaz Spend two krans on paper
(5) be virithout This has no idiomatic use, and does not noun.
(6) pai to, with (with pronouns only) This does not inflect the noun. Hazar qurush pai 'm da He gave a thousand piastres to me.
inflect the
PREPOSITIONS.
81
If a name or noun replaces the pronoun, the preposition bo must be used. Chan kas pai awan bu hat
How many people came with them. If a name or noun replaces the pronoun, lagal must be
the preposition
used.
(7) nezik near This is properly speaking a noun and takes
the
genitive
particle I before another, and also inflects that noun with, da, a, or awa as
nezik i malda, mala or malawa Near the house
(8) zhêr under This usually takes a genitive particle but need not do so, and also inflects the noun, as zhêr takhtawa
sunder the bench, zhêri takhtawa
(9) ser on This usually takes a genitive particle but need not do so, and also inflects the noun, as chû ser malda, mala or malawa
chû ser I malda, mala, or malawa
He went on the (roof of) the house (10) pisht (11)
behind, as above
bar, pêsh, in front of,
(12)
tanesht, kin, la, beside
(13)
bin
(14) nao (15)
at the bottom of in
ben naoras, between
(16) pash
as above
behind, after
82
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
SYNTAX AND
IDIOMS.
The Enclitic pronouns and their use present many di£&7 culties, all of which cannot be dealt
with
peculiarity of a pronoun is that when
if comes between
the
in
here.
the
tense particle and
The
objective
stem of
main case,
the verb,
where the tense particle is used
(a)
with a simple verb possessing a tense particle as :
bihêna
Bring
bi 4- I
4- hena
bihena, bring, it.
1 aihênim
I bring
agirrim
I take
bi 4- ian 4- hena
bring them.
ai 4- ian 4- hênim
I bring them.
a 4- ian 4- girrim
I take them.
(6) with a simple verb not possessing tense particle.
(a) the enclitic is not always used thus : hênam
I brought
By an idiomatic
use
final -in being an erosion
(b)
I
ewa imhêna
brought .them,
I brought you.
is
hênamin ;
the
of ian.
the enclitic immediately follows the stem ;
hênaii, they brought, but hena 4- m
4- ian
they brought
4- ian
they brought
me.
hena -ft
thee hena 4-1
-fian
they brought it
hena 4- man 4- ian
they brought us
hena 4- tan
they brought
4- ian
you.
hênatiania, \ henSniar.
)
they brought them.
83
PREPOSITIONS.
(c)
with a compound
verb
possessing
a
tense
the objective enclitic succeeds the qualificative
particle,
word of
the
verb. rut kirdin
to strip
rut akam
I
rûtit
strip
akam
I strip thee
rûtim
akal
Thou striiJpest me
rûtian
akan
They strip them
rut imkird rûtm ruti
y
I stripped
ikird imkird
He stripped me I stripped him
lai dan
to strike
lai imda
1 struck
lai imda
I struck him
laim Ida
He struck me
la' ian manda
We struck him
laiman ianda
They struck us
The enclitic often precedes the preposition, but may be used after it.
"
Thus ama 'mbo nakerrêt Ama bom nakerret
this will not do for me
para 'mlai bistêna para laim bistêna
take cash from me
chan kas 'mlagal hat chan kas lagal' m hat
several people Came
with me
s
84
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
J
GOVERNMENT OF SEQUENCES 09 NOUNS BY PREPOSITIONS.
Where" a preposition governs a sequence of nouns,
or a
phrase, the last word only of the phrase is inflected, as la gund o dêda
from villages and hamlets
Not la gundda o deda la wakhti bar kirdinda
at the time of loading
Not la wakhtida bar kirdin
AGREEMENT OF
VERBS
IN
NUMBER WITH
NOUNS.
(1) Where a noun by a
plural
meaning,
it
is
kept
meaning or context in
the
singular,
and
expresses the
verb
indicates the number diz la kewda hat a khwarawa
a thief came down
But diz la kewda hatin a khwarawa
thieves came down
from the hills
from the hills
(2) Where the noun is a collective one,
the verb also
remains in the singular,
Hamawand bo Kirkuk rûisht
The
Hamawand
have
gone to Kirkuk Rran I jaf zur a
Where the noun
The cattle are many
is
in
the plural
the
verb
may or
may
not take the plural form Pasakan i Jaf hamu chak a
The Jaf sheep are all good
Dizakan hatin
The thieves came
or Diz hatin, is equally usual and correct.
INDEFINITE
(4)
Where
there
is
a
PLURAL.
sequence
85
of
nouns,
whether
plural' or not, the verb may or may not take the plural Suwar o pia o zhin o zlam hat
Or,
Suwar o pia o zhin o zhlam hatin
INDEFINITE
PLURAL.
From a noun the plural is formed with -an or -akan, the indefinite pluril takes an extra -a, making -ana and -akana.
The difference in use is as follows :
Bo suwarakan (or, suwaran) asp gerek a The horsemen want horses
Bo suwarana (or, suwarakana) asp gerek a Horsemen want horses
Also
it
has the
further
significance,
that
the
definite
plural indicates objects and persons the number of which are known and are definite,
whereas the indefinite plural makes
provision for all that can possibly be included in the statement without the knowledge of actual numbers and quantity.
86
KURMANJI
GRAMMAR.
u 'Ji
'rt
1
jj
fl "S
Wororphrd
complemi taroy
Verb.
:
:
I
1 «
ci
mg;
CC&.2
:
U
-
J3.S :
:
Î
!
V .t^
'
Ka "O u
:
:
:
:
C.N 53
en
»
.
1)
Verb.
CJ
E -^
o
1»
o
2
C<
1»
lU
& E i
« J3
0) tn
:
t
C
J3
O
S
"
:
:
=:?
iu£*^ rt
.
c
l_
EU
o
o J3
...>..-,
L.
.c
&
M g ICS
2
I
a
S
«3
«
«
.2
X
^
OWrd compl ary b(adve J2
S3
!«
,.-
:
*
u:
.-%
«
>
(U
a
*
w
O
.M
>
o §
Of
:
u
« '.3
£
:
CO
u
o tc
O
:
o
B.W
S'-i
It
u
IClC
'-'
c c CIS .14
3
5£
0)
:
^
!^
u "*"*
rt
tH
!> _û
1-
rt
«
...
H
o
a;
.E
E
1
.M s
'3 o-
«.
Cc C 1«
O
^
"t^
o
Id) 3
3
u jj IE 'c S S»
^1
phstaory bial). o
"
!3
o
4i
3
.o
NX (A
.3 > a
c
!5 "rt
.2>i:iS o
o
rt
D. > CO
J3 en en
.
.
c
.
.
.
0)
;
13 rt
I.M
^
Is aJ3
*^
tl
«
rt
E
E
E
w "ii
J3 3
3
BSOH :
SI 3.S''S O OX
3£
:
'
.2 .;
w to
3 c
43 u
3
E S so
Vocabulary.
abuse v. kharap wutin, dizhmin! w. loma k.
abandon v,
helan, bar dan
abandoned abase v,
chal
accept v.
da khestin
abash v.
khajalat dan
abate v.
kem kirdin, bun
abatement
abdicate v.
hal
rriq lai hatin rriq
ability
zêrakl
abject
kawil, kotûa
able V.
shtin, daznwezh
accord
peik hênan binû
accordingly
wha
hsêb, zhmara
account
accountant
muhasibachi
gird bûnawa, hal
accumulate v.
qabîh
shik ban, such zanîn
accuse v.
accustom v.
fêr b.
accustomed
rrahatiia
ache V.
êshîn
nezik, ranga
ache n.
êsh
above
lesar, lazhûr, laban
acid
abrasion
rushanin
tirsh
acknowledge v.
abreast
beramber
acknowledgment
abroad
walati gharlb
acorn
abrupt
rugirzh
acquaint v.
abscess
dumal
abscond v.
rra k.
nabûii
absence
zanin, qabiil k. ilm i khabar
barCi
fêr k, sharaza k.
acquaintance
acquainted,
nasi
sharaza
acquiesce v.
qabOl k.
absolutely
qat, her
absolution
lai bwardin
across
awla, bamla, la
absolve v.
lai bwardin
action
ish, kirdua
absorb v. abstain
v.
keshan, kîiisûdin das hal keshan, das
be khud
abundance, t. abuse
acquire v.
active acute
add,
lai nadan
absurd
lagal
yekiati
about
abominable
hatin,
bun, gird kirdin
twanin
ablution
pai
hawbash
according to pêchan,
gîran'n, rewandin, rrawî abhorrence
lanakao
accomplish v.
zik
abhor v,
accidentally
accomplice
kurt k.
ra
raz b.
la nakao, (la) purikda
rrûîn
azll khwa qabfil k.
abduction
qabiil,
accompany v.
kem bun
abbreviate v. abdomen
accident
kawilî, shikanra "
abasement
qabûl k.
accede v.
zur, gal
dizhmini, loma
hal kh
pêsûk tiizh
addition v.
jhal dan
additional adder
zîaî
margisk
jam k., gird k.
VOCABULARY.
88
jê
address
pashînîwarû
afternoon
adequate
bes
afterwards
adhere v.
chespîn
again
(things)
girtin
^
adherence (persons) adhesion
chesplati
adjacent
tenisht
adjoin, v.
ben
admire v.
pêsûk
admission (coming in) hatin a nao
agony
admit (let in)
agree
admonition
pêsûkî
agility
jumênin
agitate v.
to let come in naslhat k.
jankeshi yek bun
agreeable
naslhat
khwosh, khosh
agreement
qabiil, qarSrda
jotyari
adopt V.
bikhwa girtin
agriculture
adorn v.
jCian k, razanin
ague
têkal k.
adulterate v. adultery
lerzl
laburawa, lapêsh
ahead
gana
hal bun
lêdhar
aggressor
agHe
idara, daira
lala khosh bun
admonish v.
amînar, wekil
aggregate v.
plwan, mîzan k.
administration
pir
agent
be jê Î khwal k.
adjust V.
(position) latanisht, lala
sal
aged
tenisht bun
adjudge v.
against age
lapashawa, lapash
disan, Itir, awa, ish
aid
yaria
advance n-.
pêshakî, qarz, dun
aim n.
maram
advance v.
laber, lapêsh, k. ch.
aim v.
keshan
rrûîn.
air
advantage
qazanj tengî
adversity
advertise v. advice
naslhat
advise v.
adze
twshi têara
biduer
affair
ish
wîstn,
affection
khosh
birruwa k.
affirmation
afflict v.
afraid
after
quwat shkan
sharr
affright v. afoot
birruwa
tush kirdin
afford V. affray
pan pai dan
hêwan
alcove
gerek
gharib
alight adj.
tersanin
bezlami beters-
pash, shun, duma
begarr
alight V.
hal nishtia
alight V.
da bazin
alike
wakuyek
alive
zhinu, zinga
all
hamu
allow V.
bun.
affirm
tersanin
alarm n. alien
rra sipardin, tenblh k.
aeroplane afar
khabar blao k.
hawa
alarm v.
heshtin
allowance allude V.
allusion
mangana, salana lai qsa kirdin
ishara
ally ham yaria almanac
taqwim
almighty almond almost
alms
khuwaî baam
ranga, nezik
karam, bakhshi
-
VOCABULARY.
faqîrkhana, latkhana
almshouse aloft
laser, laban, lazhur
89
anklet
pamCua, pawana
annals
tarikh,
alone
tinia
annihilate v.
along
la
anniversary
aloof
jîa
aloud
annoy v.
ish
^
gûraninawa
alteration /;. alternate v.
always
bash, bilan, magar her
v. (to be)
waq
wurr
warnnan
ambassador
ambition
sefîr
khwashzeman
lanao
among
lanao
amorous
zhindost chan, hangîek
amount
ample
bes
amputate v.
amulet
birrin
dazwana
amuse v. an
jabakhana
kharik kirdin
-ek, -I
ancestor ancient
and
^êshwa kuhan, kon
wa, o
anemone
gulalasûrka
anew
lano
anger
qin, harra, harrosha
angry
hajiz
animal
ankle
jandar, hêwan
raqalal pê
ask
anticipation
antique
anvil
ammunition
juwab dan, dûwan
mêrûla
anticipate v.
chadapechran
amend v. giiranin
amidst
juwab
antelope
anus
biisu, makö
amiable
man,
tê nagêshtin
ambiguity
ambush
answer
ant
hall khestin, gird k.
amazed
batal k.
yekltir
answers,
hamuwakht
amass !'.
salana
annul v.
another
char
altogether
serêshl
salana
annuity
pashi yek hatin
alternative
although
annual
blao
hajiz k.
annoyance
gûranin
alter v.
blao kirdinawa
announcement
bamzûa
already also
announce
bedang
fotanin sersal
pSsh din chowarê, intizarl
antika
qng
sindan
anxiety, anxious
befikr,
betaif-
krln
any
hêch, shshtê
anyone
liachkas, herkas
anything
hachi hachjê, chijê
anywhere apart
jia
apartment
oda
aperient
derman i rewani
aperture
kuna
apothecary apparel
ajzachi ,
jii
apparent
diar, binra
appeal v.
arz k.
appear v.
diar b., da hatin, hal
hatin, hal ko., binran appearance
appease v.
rang
razk., ashtlk., aram,
k.
apple
slw
apply V. da nan
ap. for, wistin, ap.
to,
VOCABULARY.
90
appoint V.
eirsenic
rra girtin
zernikh
appointment
Ish
artery
sharag
apportion v.
bash k.
article
shshte
apprehend v.
tersQn
artificial
apprehension
ters
artillery
apprentice
approach
shagird
approval approved apricot
as
wer girtin
chunki, ba
as
soon
awanda ta
barozhûr rrûln, bez-
ascend v.
bzhardin
bzhardCi
kirikar
as much
pesen
approve v.
topkhana
artisan
nezik hatin
appropriate v.
dast kirdua
hûr rrûîn, ser ko., ser k.
*
kokh, qesl shlana
ascent
hawzhfirl
apron
pêshban
ascertain v.
arable
kêlan
ashes
kholamêzh
aside
bela
arbitration
arbitrator arbour
arch
chardaq
taq, kamar
ardour
v.
(as
of
arm
assauh
prophets)
hal
begzada, ojagh
lasharr
rra
westan,
assist V.
army
leshker, asker
assistance
ger, lador hal westanin
arrange v.
hal bestin, rek
arrangement
arrears
arrival
girtin
geshtin
arrive v.
geshtin, gehan
arrogance
arsenal
hal best!, rêkl
pash khestiia
arrest v.
kh
tirrdil, bai
qurkhana
kh.,
qab.
qablanin, did
telash bash
assimilate v.
silah
arouse v.
qablanin, hal
assiduity
arms
around
pewa
(intrans.) pewa ko.
assignment
binbakhal
(trans.)
qabul
assessment
dizhmindosti
armpit
assemble
assess v.
besilah
armistice
pelamar, hal kutan
peik gêanin.
assent
basik, qol, bal
armed
kotin a ser plokush
assemble v.
westan, hal hatin, hal ko.
aristocrat
kar
assassination kuzhdin
qsa, guftigû
hishk, wishk, chol
arise
khaotCi, nûstû
assassin
dûwan, galta k.
argue v.
pirsln
asleep assail v.
giran, qurs, sakht
argument
ask V. ass
taw
arduous
arid
rek kh.
naochl
hal kerranin
tê birdin
yarik
yaria
associate
rafikh, têkal
assort V.
jia k.
assume v.
kheal k.
assure v.
dilnia
k.
asthma tengahenas astonish v.
waq wurr hênan
astonished (to be) astringent
astride asunder
girtini
suwar layek
da man
VOCABULARY.
at
/bag
wurdik
attach z;. attack
chespanin.
V.
pelamar
dan,
liutan. lai ko.
attain v.
geshtin.
attempt
telash.
attend to v. attention
aga b.
guedarl, agaari.
attract v,
auction
keshan.
mazad
audacious
aza
audacity
baggage
kalopal
bake v.
kulanin
baker
nanwa
balance
qapan
balance
(of a/c) maûa
balance v. bald
kechel, kal
bale
linga, ta. band
banish v,
dasalat
bankrupt
palz, paizan
dasglr
bar
mil.
barber
avenge v,
haq stanina'^'a
bare
V.
awake
duer ko. chowarê b.
wurria
awaken v.
halshika mêwanl
banquet
khurmlawa
avoid
sharbeder k.
bank
avalanche
await V.
pêchanin
bandage v. bank
available
pêchik
bandage
pur
authority
(an a/c) rozhin k.
turma. êwan
'balcony
zla k.
augment v,
autumn
hal
kis, janta
band
azal
bhlstraû.
audible
aware
pisl, kharapî
badness
la
atom
aunt
91
sertash, barbar
rûit rûdar
barefaced
pêrûit
barefooted bareheaded
khabar k.
barely
bargain v.
be aga
serriiit
anjakh harzan k.
away
duer
bark
awful
basam
bark v. pas k.
awhile damek
barley
awkward
barn
dasgiran
pest jih, ju. ammar
awl
dirosh
barracks
axe
twr
barren
(female) hishk
barren
(land) bêkhêr
B Babbler baby
purrwurra
minal
bachelor
back
bezhin
pisht
backbiting backward
backwards bad
qsapishtmila pishtaûpisht
pis, kharap
badge
barricade barter v,
base n. baseless
bashful
kol
nishan
qishla
chapar wa gwastin
binagha bêbinagha
shermûk
basin
kashi
basis
binagha
basket
sebed,
sawata,
pala, qurlna, barchlna.
bastard
haram
zCil
zamll,
VOCABULARY.
92
bat
chakchakola
bath
hamam
bathe v.
tai ko., hamam k.,
be
tabûr
battery
be
belief
sûnnl
bell
bawir k.
zang
bellow v,
bun
bead
miir
beak
nûk.
beam
qirrqêna dan
bawir
believe v.
sharr
bayonet
ser birrin
lapisht, lashûn, laduwa,
behind
belch V,
batteria
battle
kirdawa
behead v.
pisht
aw rrûln
battalion
behaviour
bellows
belly
kuzhulk,
dastek,
kûla,
zik
beloved below
nergakarita
borin, horin
kuradam khoshawlst zher, lazher, lakhwar
bean
lûbia
belt
bear
wirch
bemoan v,
bear v.
beard
rish, rin
^
beat V.
lawchak
because
v.
bend
jCian, shirin,
khujual,
(intrans.)
(trans.)
bent
faida, karam
lar, cheft
beckon v.
bedas bang k.
bequeath v.
become v.
bun
bequest
v.
(as
of
cjothes),
zêban, zêbîn.
bed
bedstead bee
beside
pêkhaf
bedclothes
gazûlik, wl zwiz
beetroot
before
better
bar¬
before (place) beforehand
between
sualker
bier
v,
beginning
,
das pai k.; hal k. pêshl, pêshwa, barl
nao, ben agaar, wurria.
bewitch v,
beyond
sual k.
beggar begin
pê sh, labar
lapesh
sCiran
bashtir, chaktir
beware
tir.
beg V,
merj k.
betrothal
lasik, saq
(time) jaran, pêsh,
dor girtin
la hamu bashtir
bet v,
gosht I ga
beetle
ish, Itir
besiege v. best
lai paranawa
tanisht
besides
takhit
hang
beef
mirdikmirdiia
berl, tutirk
beseech v.
pêkhaf, dushek
waslat k.
waslat
bereaved
berry
zêban
becoming
chamanin,
wanin, chotanin
benefit
bo, lebar
become
chamin,
bend n, khwarl, larl
^
jûan k.
beautify v.
bend
chawin, chotin
le dan
beautiful
akh k.
pêka, takhit
bench
hal girtin
hêwan, (wild) dabba
beast
pishben, kamar
jadû k.
b'ola
dar I met
biestings big
gora
bill
hsêb
ferCi
clia-
93
VOCABULARY.
bind V,
blow V.
bestin
birth
za
\
birth
(to
give)
zan,
of
dogs,
pf k.
blow n.
hal
k.
mistakola, sikhurma
bludgeon
hal terekin
(of wind
hatin, bayin
chumakh,
kutek,
tiala
bit
naodami
bitch
delik,
bite V. biter
bitter
gazCik
tall qlr, zift
blacken v.
rrash k.
blacksmith
asinger
rîkhlû, mizilga
dam, gozan
blame v.
such zanln.
basûch
blameable
moj
blaspheme v.
garr
bleat V.
barin, marin
khuin lai hatin
bleed (trans.) blemish bless
khuin keshan
pala
V.
blight
dua k.
krosha, gandal, kirmtai-
dan.
boil n.
dumal
boil V.
(intrans.) Inilan
boil (trans.) boil
boiler
qazan aza, bêadab
bold
bolt
kulanin
boil over, hal chun
serin, mutakka
cheft bamba
bondage bone
hapsi, bendl
sqan
bonnet
klao
ktêb
book
bookkeeper
katib ktêbferûsh
boon
bashlchak, nimat
boor
ladêwl
boot potin, lapchln, kosh, sCiran, chekma, qundara
blind (adj.) blind n. blind V.
kuer
barhatao kuer k.
blister
tuqla
blizzard block
lash llta, zung, qurraw
bookseller
têkal
blend
bog
china dan
belem, qufa, seflna
bomb
kewstan, hawaglr
bleed i'.
boat
bolster kufr k.
bleach- gazir k. bleak
takhta, (for bread) pina
body
tutirk
blanket
baraz, waraz
boast V.
rrash
blade
such
kûl, kul
blunt
board
blackberry
bladder
kew, shin
blunder
boar
tai
bitumen
blaze
/
gazin, qap girtin
bitterness
black
blue dela
tipl
tawir
blockade
mahasira
bootmaker booty
border
bore
0.
(of
dress)
tak,
kuna k.
borrow v. borrow
chûr
bosom
blood
khuin
both
khuncha, shkaw
kenar,
chak, parawez
blond
blossom
koshdûr
talan
bottle
(money) bedên girtin
(things) be amanat g. sing
herduk
shCisha
VOCABULARY.
94
bottom
bin
bêbin
bottomless
gilla, girê, shakh, leq
bough bounce
o.
hal parrin
break up
hal shikanin
breakfast
qawaltl, teslit
breast
sing, mimik
breath
hinas
bound V.
hal parrin
breathe v.
boundary
hediid, senör
breed v,
kêshanin
boundless
bêhad
breed n,
tu
bounty bow
karam
breeze
kiwan
kirrnûsh k.
bow 0.
'
rlkhlû
bowels bower
chardaq kashI, tas, kamûla
bowl
bribe
bertll hajur, khisht
bride
bûk, bûkzawan
bridegroom bridge
sanûq, qutû
bridle
boy
kurr
brier
kurrlati
sukaba
brick
box
boyhood
laqao tutirk
brigade
alai
bazIn, dazban
brigand
brag
china dan, khwa pasa-
bright
nin, khwa azak
mezhû, meshik
brain bran
kapak
brand
(for animals) dakh
brandy
kuniak
brass
pirinj, birinj
brave
aza, matirs
bravery brawl
azal, azaiati
harra, sharrik
bray v.
zarrln. serrserr k. rich, darûkhawa
breach
jerda, ashqia
ronalf, rozhia
brilliant brine
draoshin
shiiraw
bring V,
gilla, girê, shakh, leq
branch
zawa
perrt, perrd
bracelet 0.
hinas keshan
hênan
bring back bringer
hênanawa
lienanin
brink
llw
brisk
tung
brittle
zûshikest, turt
broad
pan
brocade
kulapdiin
shikaû
broken broken
(of country) harda
bread
nan
bronze
tuni
bread
(thick) kulêra
brook
bread
(thin) tirl, nûrdû
broom
breadth
pani, panlati
break v,
(intrans.) shikan
break v.
(trans.) shikanin
break down
(intrans.) tek chun,
broth
break down (trans.) tek dan, pak khestin
gesik
shurba, aogosht
brother
bera
brotherhood
beraiati
brother-in-law brow
pak kotin
jûga
brown
bur
bruise
brIn, kewfl, shlnbCia
brush
fircha
break forth
qomin, ruin
brutal
rriqawl
break open
shikanin
bubble
break out
(trans.) da shikanin
brazhin
nacchao
qup
95
VOCABULARY.
asklnêr
buck
bucket
satil, dolcha
buckle
aozengi, barazvvana
bud
khuncha, shklw
buffalo bug
garnish, kal
ispl
cabbage cage
kelerm
qefes
cake kulfira calculate
0.
build 0.
kirdin, durus k.
calendar
taqwim, rozhnama
building
khanii
calf
pêwaz
bulb bulky
zil
gCiilaka, jiianaka, palak
calf (of leg) calico
ganêr, kal
bull
izhmardin
pus
khamlk
caligraphy
bullet
gulla
call
bump
(on a road) zaq
call V.
bunch
desta
calm
0,
dasnwlsar
bang k., chirrin
(to name) pai gutin aram
bundle
bukhcha, gurz
calumny
burden
bar
camel
hushtir, wushtir
dizlsho
camp
(military) urduga
camp
(civil) awai
burglar burial
shardinawa
burly
qalao, zil
laidiiwan
camphor
kafiir
burn 0,
(intrans.) sûtan
camping ground
burn V.
(trans.) siitanin
can
V. n,
burnish v.
serrin
can
burrow 0.
kun k.
canal
burrow n.
Ian
cancel o,
tanaka
ju tek dan, shiwanin
burst V.
terekin
candle
bury V.
shardinawa
candlestick
bush
binj
business busy
Ish, khaiiki demderêzh
busybody but
amma, awanda hayya
but V,
(of joints) talk chespin
butcher butter
qasab, goshtferiish kera
buttercup
butterfly
nwlslnak
papula
buttermilk
dii
button
dokma, qopcha
buy V.
kirrin
by
be
bypath
mom
cane
qamish
cannon
top
canvas
ketan
cap
klao
cap
(of cartridges) taraqa
capable caper
zirak
shefalata
capital
malat
capitulate i>. teslim b., giroua b. capricious
demdemi
captive girau captivity captor
larê
momman
razgûl
candour
kharik
hawarga
twanin
capture car
girawi
girinna
V,
girtin
otomobll
caravaii
karwan
VOCABULARY.
96
carcase
lash
cemetery
card V.
hal khestin
centipede
care
centre
agaari
care
v.
parastin, agaari k.
careful
agaar bêaga
careless caress
hanek, bosh
carnage
carpet
dartash
fersh
carriage
hezarpê
naorast
century
satsalan
certain
burruwa
certainty
rasti
certainly
elbet
certify v.
kuzhtin
carpenter
qabran
arabana
tesdiq k.
cessation
westanin
chafe 0,
khuranin
chaff
kah
carrier
keriabarchi
chain
zenjir
carrion
lak
chair
askamll
chalk
sefiaw
carrot
gezar
carry cart
v.
birdin, hal girtin
arabana
cartridge carve
fishek
o.
zhiir, oda, hujra
champ V.
jûln
champion
yaria ar
chance (by)
tashin
cascade
chamber
khurraw
yekjar
change v.
(intrans.) gCuir,
(trans.) gûraniu
case
sannûq
change v.
cash
para
change a place gwastinawa
cast
V.
(metal) qalib dan
castle
qala
castrate cat
o.
change n, (cash) wurdapara changeable
khasanin
pshi, pshîêla
channel chaos
naoyek, tek
cataract
khurraw
chap V.
cataract
(eyes) parda
character
o^tch V.
girtin
charcoal
catch fire
agir girtin
catch cold
catch on cattle
lai chaqln
gaghal
cauldron cause
qazan suwar
ashkot, kalwaz
cease
o.
waz lai
hênan, bes k.,
westanin
ceiling
binmlj
celerity
celery cellar cement
gurjl, to
keraûs zhirzewl, amarta chimento
.
qillshin
dil khalCis hsêb k.
charge o. charity
karam
charm
chart
sebeb
cavalry cave
zuqum khwardin
demdemi
jogala
telism
kharlta, naqsha
chase n,
rrao
chase v.
lashûn
rrûln
chaste
pakdawên, sharmdar
cheap
harzan
cheapen v,
cheapness cheat 0,
harzan k.
harzan! khalatanin
cheek
kulum
cheese
penir
chemist
cherry
dermanferûsh, ajzachi
glêlas, belalûk
97
VOCABULARY.
pakêzli, (of rice) bzhardû
chess
satrinjan
clean
chest
sing
clean v.
chestnut
chestnut (adj,)
clearly
diar
cleave v.
* chicken juchka jûjik
chicks
pakêzhl
rûhnak, rozhin
clear
kwt
jûn
chew 0,
pak k., temlz k.
cleanliness
shabarCi
cleft
chespin
shaq
chief
agha, gora
clemency
narmi
child
minal
clench v.
quchanin
chill
clever
sar!
chilly
zIrak
click V.
sar
chimney klaorûzhna
(intrans.) taqln, (trans).
taqanin
chain
china
cliff
chirp
V,
climate
rozhigar
climb V.
hal garran, ser k., baro-
ziriwzirlw k.
chisel
askana, qalam
choke
V.
cloak
(trans.) khenkanin î'.
choose
zhiir rruln
(intrans.) khenkan
choke v.
hal
bzhajrdin,
hal
anjanin, jinin
chopper churn
cigarette
bestin,
kholl, kholakewn, pshko
clot
khist, gir, khirr
khurl,
clothe V. clothes
chal, haoz
qala la zaman I
citizen
khalq
wutin
shar
civil
qsakhosh, zamantar
claim V.
lai gerek bun, wistin
labar k.
cloud
hawr (heavy) tawl
clove
mêhak
cloven
(hoofs) dusumma
clover
separr
club
(wood) kutek, tiala
clumsy
dasgiran, dasqurs
talabkar
coagulated
clamour
highalbaghal
cluster
clan
qifil
khêl, hCiz, tira, birka
clap I'.
chapla k. ,
clarify v. clash î'. claws
clay
palaotin chaqanin
chirnCik, chingr
qurr
mahCit,
jii, jilik
claimant
clamp
chûkh,
.khamik, jaw, dawar
cistern
cite V.
dan, da
bizirka
cloth
darchîn
citadel
pewa
dan, biyeko khestin, pewa k.
circumvent v. barobirr danawa
city
batia
nezik, tanisht
close V.
jighara
cinnamon
circle
aba,
clod, gilmatik, kulo, chim. glr
close
twr
meshka
cinder
(camelhair)
.(felt), farajl (woman's) charCikhia
chinin
chop V.
kan
coachman coal
arabanachi
bardlkhaliisl
coalition coarse
coast
has, khast
hêshû
yeklati
gora
kenar
._
coat
satr
'
cock
kalashir, kaiabab
,
98
VOCABULARY.
cockscomb cocoon
coffee
commotion
qahwa
coffin cog
poplna
qazakha
tablit
coin
companion
para
company
coincide v.
biyeko der ko., biyek
der chun
sherlket, hawbash! la yek da nan
qeblanama
compassionate
pala
kemjeglr
hawbash, rafikh
compare v. compass
gan
colander
hatochii
komal
compact {adj.)
qafqaf da nan
coition
khabar gehanin
communications community
daana
coil V.
qalobalikh
communicate v.
compel V.
dilnarm, dislCit
nachar k.
cold
sar, zuqum
compensate v. kharaman dan
colic
dilgirtin
competent
la Ish hal hatûa
compile v.
gird k.
rûkhan, da riikhan
collapse V.
collar
milwana
complain v.
(intrans.) pêkwa
collect V.
b.,
(trans.) pekwa kh., gird k.
complaint
gill k.
gill, shikat
complete paik hatûa, tawaw paik hênan, tawaw
collection
gird kirdua
collide V.
pekwa chun
coUyrium
kil
complicated
naoyek
colocynth
zhala, gulazhala
compliment
qsalkhwosh
colour colt
complete v. k.
rang
comply V. be wist I
jûanû, noma
comb
compose v.
shana
combat
comprehend v,
v.
compress v.
come v.
comely
comfort
hatin
command v.
farmûn
commemoration
nacharl, zur
compulsory
asCi, askan
commence v.
shelanûa, tilandia
compulsion
astiati
conceal v.
ziir da wushardin,
pai
concede v. k.,
das
girtin
conceited
dan
bai, lakhwarazl
concentrate v.
commencement
shar¬
dinawa
yadgarl das
tai geshtin
shelanin, pastinawa
compressed
shirin, jCian
comfortable
pêsh, barIn, aw¬
concerning
pewa k.
la
conciliate v. raz! k.
wal
commerce
tijaret,
daostand,
kirrino ferûshtin
commission
(errand)
conclude
v.
tawaw
k.,
hênan
separish,
ra separdû
conclusion concord
commit v.
kirdin
concur v.
komitê
concussion
hamûyatî awamana
ser, akhir, shun
yeklati
committee common
têkal
compound
sharr, jeng yek bun
k.
rek kh., hal bestin
yek bCin
condense v.
pewa kotin
pastinawa
paik
99
VOCABULARY.
condition
conspicuous
hal, hawal
condolence confederate
constantly
tekal
conference
majlis
confess v.
siich wutin
dilnlal,'
(in
confi¬
confirm v.
contents
ban!
paik hênan
raz! tea, nao!
continually
burruwa k.
confirmation
burruwa, tesdiq
contract
confiscate V.
lai girtin, lai
contradict
stan-
her
muqawill
v.
lapesh
wutin,
bedrû khestin, berbest kirdin
din
conflagration conflict
khwardin
girtin
contented
lai bestin
confinement
consume v.
contemplate v. kheal k.
mahramana
confine v.
kirdin
pirsln
contain v.
dilnia
confidential
giral
construct v.
consummate v.
dence) biraati confident
her
constipation
consult v.
confide v. ra separdin
confidence
diar
khariki fêl b.
conspire v.
serkhwoshi
contribution
agir
contrite
sharr, jeng
confront v.
baroru k.
confuse v.
shewanin,
control V. pashoka-
dasalat bun
convalescent
convene v.
nin
confusion
bash, kut
pash!
converge v.
tekal bun
layek geshtin
congealv.
rûanawa
conversation
congest V.
glr bun
convey v. convict
plrûzl
congratulation congregate v.
cook
gird bun
kheal, gflman, shik
cook V.
connect '
jut k., wayek k.
cool
connection
girê
coolness
conquer V.
shikanin
copper
conscience conscious
shun, duwa! beshûn,
duwa,
tai fikrîn, fikr k.
considerable
console V.
core
awanda
nardin
bCin serkhosh! wutin
gan
shekil der hênan
warls, giiris
meshik
coriander corner
corpse
kishnish
kunj
corporal
lashûn
consider V.
consist V.
fênûk! fakhir
copulate V.' gain
copy
lashCiniyek
consequent
consign V.
kulanin
fênûk
copy V.
raz b., qabiil k.,
consequences
haps!
copulation
aga
consecutive
consent V.
khiiinakhiiin
dil
galta
birdin
ashchi
conjecture
consanguinity
buzhawafawa
gird k.
onbash! lash
corpulent correct
qalao, zikzil
rast
correct v. correction
rast k, chak k. rast k., chak k.
100
VOCABULARY.
correspondence
nwlsan, nwlsin
corrode, corrosion cost
lai khwardin
ba
costly
crease
qirzh, chirch
create v.
credit
giran
cottage
afirll k.
den
creditor
khanCi
cotton
ICika, pamu
couch
takhit
crest
telabkar
(of bird or man),
crestfallen" kakul kotiia
cough V.
kokin
crevice
qllsh
cough n.
koka
cricket
sisirk
count V.
zhmardin
countenance
country
ladêwl
course
crop
hosh
pewa girtin, rû pûsha-
tersflk
cower V.
khwa be
shaq, dirz, qllsh
crack v.
qillshan,
shaq birdin
dirz birdin (trans.) qillshanin
crag
serr
kolinga
cranium cravat crave
cream
westa
shakhla
cramp
crane
taqa k.
beshika
craftsman
crowd
V.
tai
cruel
khizanin,
taik
tanj
zebardast wurd
crumple v.
crack n.
cradle
komal, taik pilisha
crumb
qirrzhank
crackle v.
khûinin
crowd
crown
salamlnawa,
duwa girtin
crab
crow »qazh, kallarash crow V.
pilishanin, pastinawa
manga
coward
chwarmishql chwarrrê
crossroads
bCikaban
cow
tai parr b., lai bwardin
cSDSslegged
nin da pûshanin, pûshanin covey
daghl, khalla
cross v.
kurrmam, amûza
cover V.
lar, cheft, khwar
(of bird) chiqildana
crops
aza
dlwan
cousin
waqwaq k., qirraqirr k.
gochan
crooked
ast, kirdar, r^^-e
courtyard
turt
crook
dil, azai
courageous
court
crisp
shal, lang
croak v.
jilt
courage
al
cripple
ladêw
countryman
couple
crimson
welat
countryside
sûçh, guna
crime
damocho
bêzhmar
countless
kakul,
(of hill) ser
kasaser milwan
wistin
tiikhaw, tûesh, qêmagh
zhakanin
crupper
qushqun
crush V.
harrin
crust
pest
cry V.
cry
girian
(cry out) bangk., hawar k.
crystal
bulflr
cuckoo
kepii trozl, khêar'
cucumber cuff
qol, serqol
sûchar
culpable
cultivate v. cultivation cunning
jot k., chanin kelga
rewlkirdawa
101
VOCABULARY.
dandelion
piala
cupboard
curds
dangerous
curl
daring
dark
derman
darkness
curse V.
dam V.
dizhmin wutin, kharap
date
khwar b.
curve n.
khwar!
du subhên!
daybreak
dead
rusm
deaf
birrin
dealer
chirch!
dear
(price)
(earth) birrlwa namam,
dearness
D
death debt
dabble v.' das pai k.
shêt
Jam
drang k.
barbast
n.
khesar, kharapê nim, she
damp adj.
damsel
ser birrin
drii
deceive V. deceiver
dol, doll
damage
mirdin, merg den, qarz
deceit golagzhl-
nazha
dally V.
giranl
decay v. da razin, fotin
rozhana khazêmoku,
(beloved)
kembiin
decapitate v.
khanjêr
giran
khwoshawlst'
dearth
.
spendthrift sphere
spy
ktierj k. dasblao
squall
kherr!
square
spider
jajalû
spin V.
shalaqanin, rishanin
spin V.
, --
(revolve)
gerr
khwar¬
din
spin
buliik
girriba
squander v.
darmanlchêsht
spice
jasiis
squadron
squash V.
qushin, pillshanawa
squeak v.
zika k.
squeeze
v.
7'.
(to cause
to
revolve)
squint
khêl
squirt
fichka
spin V.
(wool) rêslu
stab V.
spindle
diikh, tash!
stable adj.
splnningwheel spinster
kharrak
spit V.
staff
kich
tf k.
(of a journey) qonagh
stagger
v.
bela
splash V.
shapul dan
stagnant
shapul
stain
sipul
chiqil
split V.
westaii
(intrans.)
stake derz
birdin,
pilakana
sing
stalk
lasik
shaq birdin, (trans,) derz dan,
stammering
shaq wa
stamp n.
spoke
k.
kharap
spot
bekho
kawchi, kowchik
(chase) rraw (speck) khala, (place) je
spout
naokha, naokh
spout
(of utensila) liila
sprain v. spray v.
ba dan aw wushanin
spread v. spring
da khestin, rra kh.
bahar, baharan
spring, water
sprinkle v. sprout V.
kanI, kanI, ken!
awushênl k. rûaii
spur (of a hill) shakh (in riding) mamzji
stamp
lalapata
pill
v.,
pai
malln,
zirrnia-
zirrm k.
stand V.
hawa'
spontaneous
sport
k., fotanin
darlrastaka
sponge
labela
laka, pala
staircase
splinter
spoil V.
hatin,
rriiln
splash n. spleen
qurs
tawlla
dar
stage
riq
spoon
tirinjan,
beklienjer lai dan
stable n.
munar
spite
gushin,
shelanin, pastinawa
.gerr dan, surranavxa
spire
blao k. ,
chwargue
westan, rra 'wcstrai
stand up v. star
hal westan
astêra
starch
nishasa
start V.
start
rre kotin
(jump)
v.
rra chinin,
da
chalakin
startle
v.
da
cbalakanin,
chinanawa, slamaninawa
starvation state
birslati
mirl, dolet
statement
station
wut, wutin
qonagh
stationary
rrawestati, westaii
stationery
kaqazana
stature
anam, bezhn
rra
149
VOCABULARY.
stay V.
stool
man, rra westan
rrawêstaû
steady
dizIn
stealthy
dizI, bedizi
stopper
pola see " uphill " &
"down¬
lasik
bênlpls
stench step
sterile
bawazhin
wishk,
V.
(of women)
zik-
chespin,
in
lekin,
chaqlii
0.
(as
in
mud)
hal
peik chespin
dar, chilka, tliadar chespin, shllawl
wishk, raqq
stifle
0.
(intrans.)
khankin
rrawêstaû n.
sting V.
stink
ziir giran
nasharaza,
nanasraii,
kharib
strangle v.
khankanin
strap
q-aish
straw
kah
stray v.
garran, pash kotin
khat cham, aw, jiiga kiilan, ku
taw, hazh, hêz
behêz k.,
(of ob¬
jects) rra girtin, (of a person) biizhaninawa stress
taik dan, shalaqanin awzeng!
stitch
taqala
ziir
stretch v.
stride strife
stomach
zik
strike I'.
zikêsh
tawer,
berdal-ana
rra
keshan,
gaw, hangaw
gueraw!
chinja, naiik
keshan,
drezh k.
stocking
.
tai
rast k.
strengthen v.
ganlii
herd,
nan,
zQr k.
strain n.
strength
stirrup
stone
da
pashkotii
straighten
pewa dan, gazin, (as of
stomachache
k.,
rast
street
bênlpls
stir V.
straggler
stream
pIska, ninokwishka
stink II.
amar
chizii
a chemical) kezanin stingy
iDukherl, mgherl, kwanik
streak
(trans.) khankanin
still
qalao
stranger
da chaqln
•ötick together v.
stiff
stout
strange
stick fast V.
sticky
serguzasht
strain v.
chaqln
stick n.
frtana
story
straight
(as of bills) hal chespanin
stick
laqlaq
nan
nakar'
stick
amar, amarta, ambar
stow V.
bawapiara
stepmother
der!
stork
stove
gaw, hangaw
stepfather
westan
store
storm
ward " stem
rra
glraû
stopped up
biiq, bukhar
steep
(intrans.)
(trans.) rra westanin
steed charwa, bajgia steel
kho chamanin
stop V.
steal V.
steam
chwarpê
stoop V.
sharr, jeng,
dan,
harraka
lai
khestin
(of
fruit)
string strip V. stripe
rlsl, lis, band ruit k., tllnia
dan,
lai
VOCABULARY.
l.SO
strive V.
malln, das pai henan
bezur, ziirdhar, behêz
strong
struggle 0.
stuck, to be v.
tai tirinjan
(religious)
(secular) darskhuin
bas, bes
shakar
suicide
kho kuzhdin
suit V.
zêbîn
sulks
man
sulky
riqdhar, rikar
pastinawa
sullen
hal kotin, hal anûtin
stumble c.
(on animals) ser sum dan
sulphur sultry
guird
kawarohz
stump kotara
summer
sun
behosh k.
hawIn
hataw
stupid
goj, kar
Sunday
sturdy
zil
sunflower
stutter V.
chimlatl, no, jiua
subdue
zhêrdast
V.
sunset
henan,
shikanin
submerge
nuqum biin
submersion
nuqumbiin
subsequent subsist V.
substitute
pashawa
zhian
peik
henan,
beje
success, to be a, V.
peik hatin
waku mizhin
suckle V. sudden suffer X).
ser, ban jarra
ziai waq wer henan
da man
kho
hawishtin
a
la
î'.
surround
tai
alln
chwarla
girtin
surroundings
chanokharan, gar¬
rak
mizhanin
survive v.
lapirrika, lanakaw keshan
khafanin
dilnia, awin, burruwa
surrender v.
kotin
such as
khafanin
suppression
surprise v.
wha, awanda
suck V.
guman k.
suppress V.
surprised, to be
awdar
succumb V. such
paranawa
gêanin
suppose V.
surplus
peikhat
succulent
chamlnawal
surgeon
henan, hal surran success
supple
surface
lai kem k.
succeed v.
shiw
sure
giirl, lajati
subtract v.
chowerl k.
supper
support V. yaria pai k., bekhew k.
zherdast
zhian
subsistence
khurawa
supervise v.
supply V.
bazhêrdast hatin
submit V.
subordinate
guliberozh
rohalat
supplicate V.
itat, zhêrdastl
submission
Yekshemii
sunrise
lalapata k.
mangirtiia
same as above
stun V.
style
khankanin khankin
khuinin
study v. stuff V.
sufficient
sugar
talaba
'
bas kirran
suffocation
bismar
student
kesh
suffice V.
suffocate v.
begizh chun
qalash, parêz
stubble
stud
sufferer
telash k.
stroke V.
survivor '
,
Suspect V.
zinga man
zingamawa zanin
VOCABULARY.
suspend v.
hal
awasin,
hal
awlstin, hal khestin
suspicion
take up I'.
hal girtin
take down i'.
shik, guman
sustain V.
151
bekhew k.
tale
qiit dan, da jiilii
talk I'.
swallow n.
parasilka
tall
qsa k., galta k.
drezh
swamp
llta, qurraw, zung
talons
swarm
(bees) kuwar
tambourine
kho rra wiishan
swear v.
suind khwardin
sweep V.
malln, gesik k.
sweep away v. sweet
sweetmeat
shirin!
gIranIn, shiwanin
tangle n.
naoyek
tank
hoz
tanner
awsan
tap 7'.
swelllngl
awsawa
tape
swift
la k.
tar
tung
swim V.
hal khalatanin,
sword
biziitinawa
shir
sympathy symptom
syringe .syrup
talû
task kha¬
latanin, khasanin
swing V.
nawar, ciaitan
target nishana, armaj
malawan
swindle!;,
dabbakh
lai dan
qlr, zift
tares
maki k.
swimmer
binraii
tangle î'.
swell V.
swerve v.
dabbakh k.
tangible
khiizgln, dasgiran
Ish
tassel
rlshii
taste V.
hal
tasteless
hawêshl diar!
tawny tax
fichka
tea
betam
baj, mal
mallat
cha!
teach V.
charpê, masa, peshtakh-
ta, dastakhan
tablecloth tack 7'.
tall
slifra
riidoz k.
kilk
tailor
take V.
nasanin, fer k. fêrker
girtin,
stanin, (of time)
take away v. take off V.
chaîan
tear v.
(intrans.) derran, deran
(trans) deranin tear n.
asr
tease i'.
birdin
derawa birdin da kandin
serbiser dan
sermimk
teeth
d an
telegram telegraph
keshan
take out v.
teapot
teat
derzl, khayyat
chezhîn
bur
taxation
dûshap
chezhin,
cheshtin
teacher
Table
dol
kewl, mail
tan r.
shirin
sweetheart
chengr
tame
rra malln
biran
serguzasht
swallow V.
s-way -^.
khwar henan
taken, to be i'.
telephone telescope tell V.
telegraf têl
telefon diirbln
gutin
VOCABULARY.
152
temper
thereupon
khii
temperature
sarogarm!
these
tempest
tofan, frtana
they
temples
naocho
thick
ten
tenacious
tent
barmada
têanlshtiia
tender
dahi dahmin
shêlatên wakhit
terminate v.
tawaw k.
termination
hastiir!
thickest thief
esikgiran
diz
thigh
pash, akhir, ser
dizIn
ran
thimble
rrashamal
tenth, tenthly tepid
hastûr, (of liquids) khas
thieves v.
nazik
(white) khwt, (black) mal,
term
awan
thickness
dah
tenant
beawa
amana
thin
aniustela, kishtaban
taniik, (of beings) larr
thine
hitu, it
thing
shsht
think
I'.
tai fikrln
thinness
taniikl, larr!
terrible samar, samnak
third, thirdly
terrify i'.
thirst
tersanin
terror
ters
thirsty
test V.
taibin! k., tam k.
thirteen
testicles tether
pêbaii, pêbast
thirty
chlnraii, hiinraii
this
textile
than
la
thank v. thanks
that
malawa! k. shukur, malawa!
(dem) aw, (rel) ki
thaw I'.
tin! sianza, ziada
thirteenth
gun
twanawa
sianza!
s!
am, ama
thistle
sertash!
thong
qaisli
thorn
dirrik, chiqil
those
(dem)
tu "
thou
theft
diz!
though
their
hiawan, ian
thought
them
awan, awana, ian
thoughtful
khwaian
aw,
hagarish fikr, taifikrin
befikr
thoughtless
befikr
awwakht, awjarl
thousand
hazhar
then conj.
Itir, dl, dê
thrash v.
kutanin
thenceforth there
thread
liwe
liwe
there is
hayya
there is not
nia
thereafter
liwêpash
therefore
labarîama
therefrom therein
liwe
lawnawa
risi, machir
thread v. threat
iwe
awan
tu
then adv.
thence
(pron)
awana
thee
themselves
suimin
tin!, tinltl
pewa k.
harrasha
threaten v.
three
harrasha dan
slan
thresh v.
kutan
threshingfloor
shiinkharman
threshlngmachine thrice
sêjar
janjar
153
Vi CABULARY.
throat
tombstone
pitapit k.
throne
takhit
throng
komal
through
tongs
khestin, hawishtin
gaz, miqash
tongue
zaman
fere dan
to-night
throw down v.
da khestin
too
penjaîastûr
Thursday thus
thy
tie V.
toothpick top
khwat khutiika k.
tie together I'.
palang
tight
teng
tighten V. tile
timber
total
hamii
V.
touchy
dar
(one time)
time)
damek,
tersinuk
tanuka
tiny
pêchapêch
das
lai
ztirwurd
jarek,
tough
(short
tour
garran
tow i'.
rra keshan
towards
bela
towel
khaoll,
tower
burj
dastaser
town
shar, bazar
trace
shun
tithe
iishr
trace v.
to
man! k.
naw
a, bo,
tobacco
to-day toe
lai
dilnazik
ma, man!, hêlak
title
das
jlr
tired
tire V.
dan,
khestin
time) tozek.
tin
kêsal
halmaqii k.
touch
wakhit,
timid
shlwaw', lafaw
' toss i;.
teng k.
(lon.g
sist, sis
tortuous
ta,'hata
time
azar, êsh
dirawa
tortoise
kashI
till
gufka
torment
torrent
lai bestin
tiger
ser
torpid
peik bestin
tai bestin
tie on I'.
d'anêsh jajll
topknot
torn
bestin
tie to V.
d'an
toothache
Penshemu
Itu, it
tickle I'.
daskar, karasta
tooth
wha
thyself
amsho
ish
tool
gurrmaîhawr
thunder
sbhênl, bêani
to-morrow
tea
throw away v.
thumb
kel
nêrapshê
tomcat
la, lanao,
throw V.
gûr, qor
tomb
giro
throb V.
be
titin, tambakii
amrozh
penja
shim der k.
track
piarre
tracks
shun
trade v.
tijaret k.
trade n.
tijaret,
kirrinoferiish-
tin, sanat
trader
cherchi, bazirgan, tujar
toll V.
îsh k.
traitor
khain
token
nishan
trample i'.
together
toll
baj
lagalyek, beyek
pai malln
transcribe i'.
larii nwislnawa
VOCABULARY
1-S4
asû. aram
tranquil
,truce
.
gûranin
transfer v.
transform v.
terjuman!
transmission
kotara, noqa, (box) saniiq
trust I'.
terjuman! k.
translation
rast
trunk
giiranin
translate v.
dizhmindosti
true
truth
nardin nardin
transparent
lai wadiar,
lai
bin-
tub
burl.
chaqaninawa
tuft
Sêshemu
gufka
transports,
birdin, bar k.
tumble I'.
kotin
transport n.
kerêbar bar
turbulent
sharrker
trap
birdin
turf
tala
travel
rewik, rêwang
traverse v. tray
turn I'. khianat
diishap
treadle
pea
(intrans)
garranawa,
garran,
turn round v. lerzin ziirzil
turn up I'.
mahakama
turn over i'.
tube
il, ashiret, hiiz, tira
turnip
behendek rriiln
kutek, shshtêni
trigger
trip V.
hal aniitin
tripod
sepêa
troop
trot
twelfth
twenty
twice
loka
zamat, êsh, serêsh astêl
trough trousers
ranik,
trowel
twig
keshina
mala, malinj
patliin,
bistmin, bisti
bis
diijara wach
twilight derpê,
damarqopan
trout
dwanza
twentieth
taqum
trouble
gaz
dwanza!
twelve
'
binisht, qazgwan
raqqa
tweezers
keiipri
twine
êwarê
risI
twinkle v. twins
vjev garanin hal garranawa
shelam
turpentine
turtle
palapika
triggerguard
wer
hal garaninawa
turn down v.
trial
trifle
lai garran
kho surran,
cherikhin
chal, jiiga
trickle V.
(trans.)
garranawa
turn back from v.
dar
tremendous
garran
surran wer
surran,
turn back v.
kirdawa
tremble v.
wa
kho
garaninawa
khazan
treatment
trench
Rom allshlsh, böqalamûn
turkey
bwardin
treacle
tree
Turk
Turkey
sini
treachery
treasure
merg
Turk
riiishtin, garran
traveller
rra ap-
telash k.. taqi k.
Tuesday
der kotin
transplant v.
biin,
swêna
tube
ran
transpire v.
dilnia
rasti
try V.
transmit v.
lai
armiin
draoshanawa
jiita
twist V.
ba dan
VOCABULARY.
mûrlana k.,
twitch V.
muchurk
tjnrant
taada, ziir
undertake v.
ziirker, zalim
alanin
u Udder
giian
ugly
nashlrin
ulcer
dumal
ulterior
sêwan, shams!
na-, na-, be-,
unable
natwana
unanimity
yeklati
beyekîatî
unanimous
benahaq
askan, nablziitiia
undo V.
kirdinawa
undress
jii hal
undutlful
nakhuinawar
unemployed
batal, bêêsh
uneven
nareik
unexpectedly
unfaithful
nazêban
nabawir!
Icirdinawa bSseniir
bêaskan!
uneducated
bêaga
bewefa
unfasten v.
unfinished unfit
nasakh
uncertain
naburruwa
unforeseen
mam, khal
unclean
uncomfortable unconscious
iiarahat
leserchii (ignorant)
bêaga
uncover v.
qat kirdinawa lapêshnablnraii
unforgotten
lablrnachiia
unfortunate
bebakht bêbinagha
unfounded
napak
(intrans.) hal malran
(trans.) hal malln
unfriendly
dizhmin
unfruitful
wishk
unfurl I'.
pech kirdinawa
bêkalopal, bêtifaq
unfurnished
ungraceful
nashlrin namamniin, nanas
uncultlvable
nakêlanl, nakêlga
ungrateful
uncultivated
nakêlrati
unhapplness
undamaged undecided under
kharap nabiia dudil
zher, lazher
undergo v.
keshan
underground
underhand
zhêrarz
zhêrdasî
bebin
natawaw
unfold V.
uncle
kirdinawa
unfathomable
nashikawa
nagiirran
lapirrika
nahaq
unbroken
unchangeable
der
barzonizml
uneasiness
unaware
unbounded
jii
serchot
unfair
unbind v.
kandin,
ruit
undulation
besilah
unbelief
tai
undeserved
unarmed
unbecoming
girtin,
undisturbed
undressed
pashawa
umbrella
lai geshtin
das
kirdin
pashin
ultimate
tai geshtin
understand from v.
jOrek
tyranny
bin danawa
lazherawa
understand v.
diian
type
un
undermine v.
underneath
k. two
155
dilgirani,
kham,
kiz!
unhappy
dilgiran, khamin, kiz
unhealthy unheard
nasaz nabhistraii
uniform n.
jillrasm!
uniform (/(//.
\ek, wakuyek
VOCABULARY.
156
uniformity
unsafe
yekbiin, yeklat!
uninhabited
naamiii
unscrew v.
bênêmii
unimportant
unseen
chol
pech kirdinawa
iiadlWa
unintelligible
tainagêshtinl
unsteady, to
unintentional
bêtama bim
unsltck V.
union
unit
untamed (intrans.)
pewa
bim
unity
until
yeklati
unjust
bêawurdanaw'a
unknown
unless
rangnia bêseniir
unload i'.
bar
da
girtin,
bar
unlucky
kirdinawa
ser,, zhiir, ban
uphill
(man)
larag hal kandin
upset
(intrans.)
befikr, bêagaari
upside down
upwards urge I'.
nabiziitrawa
unnecessary
urine
nalgerek
batal, bêêsh
unoccupied
I'.
kotin
us
damokhwar
be ban, be ser lai khurin, rewanin
mIz
iman, ema
unpack v.
kirdinawa
use n.
kalk
unpick 0.
hal pchrrin
use V.
bekalk
unpleasant
la
(trans) la khestin
taikal' nabiia
unmoved
rast
uproot I'.
bêmaan!
unmindful
zhiirawa
upright bezhin,
(woman) kich unmeaning
barozhiirl laban, lazhiir, laser
upraise v. hal k.
napio
unmarried
unmixed
unwrap v.
upper
bebakht
unmanly
pechaninawa
upon
qifl kirdinawa
khosh nahat
unwind v.
up
khestin
unlock V.
rii hal malran
unwelcorhe
nakhuinawar
unlimited
ba danawa
unveil v.
ma.gar
unlikely
drii, narast
untwist V.
haram
unlearned
lapirrika
be
untrue
nazanraii
unlawful
kirdinawa
ta
unto
bêawnrdanawaî
unkindness
blao
untimely
bêdad
unkind
untidy
torr
untie I'.
(trans.) peik k.
juhan
befikr, bêshik
unsuspecting
yekbiin
yek
unite I'.
be
hal pchrrin
henan,
îsh
be
henan, Ish pai k.
nakhosh
unprepared
bêaga
used up, to be
tai birranawa
unprofitable
bêqazanj
used to, to be
rra hatin
unprotected
bêkhawand,
bê-
i'.
unravel
risaninawa,
nawa.
unreasonable unripe
useful
belsh, bekalk
useful, to be
parêz
guenadhar
nagela, kal
kirdi¬
kalk girtin
useless
bêfarr, bekalk
utensil
karasta
utter V. utterly
gutin her, hai"
',
VOCABULARY.
vile
157
pis, ziirpls
village Vacant
batal
vacate v.
vacuous
kutanin
valuable
violence
violent
beba, qlmati
ba,, qlmat
vanish v.
biranawa,
nabinra
vanquish i'.
virgin
kich
visage
damocho
visible
diar, binraii
basanin
visit I'.
vapour
hawa, boq, bukhar
visitor
varlous
jiirbejiir, jiirjiir
voice
varnish
biiyagh
vegetable
veil
darogia
velvet
voyage
riiisht, sefer
vulture
sergar
m akh mar
w.
haq
Wade I'.
ventilation
bakêsh
wag I'.
venture v.
verandah verdure
liw-
rast
ziir, gal
veterinary
»
wage
kirê maash
wager i'. wages
janawr
vertical
baital
lanao aw' riiishtin
hal surranin, rra
wushanin
weran
aiwan gia, sozi
vermin
giro bestin
mangana, maash
waggon
arabana
waggoner
wail V.
waist
arabanachi
shin k., w^ai k.
nao
vex I'.
tûranin, hajiz k.
waistband banlkhuin
viands
khwardamani, chesht
waistcoat
vibrate i'. vicinity view
rizha-
feriisl/yar
vengeance
verge
hal
tungi
vendor
very
bewlstlkho rishanawa,
nin
rag
velocity
qsaker
vomit V.
chashiir, riiwang
vein
shillk
voluneary
soz!
vegetation
mêwan dang, chirranin
volley
taq, kamar
binran
didani k.
voluble
ziirgora
vault
siir
beziir
visible, to be
biin.
vast
(of a virgin) bebin k,
(of a W'Oman) bezur gain
aza!
vaule
bakhlmlw
violate v.
serbatal
dol
valour
serka
vineyard
ba!
valley
gund, dl, awai, awani
m!w
vinegar
batal k.
vaccinate i'.
vain
vine
lerzîn
nezlkana
choblna
vigilant vigorous
wurria bitaw
wait V.
kapanak, sal ta
chowarê man
choware
biin, rra westan, lai westan
wake V.
walk V.
bakhabar biin
pia chiin, bzlami chun,
bepê riiishtin
VOCABULARY.
158
walk H. wall
(of a horse) rot
way
walnut
guez
wander v.
n;e
waylay
dlwar
we
i'. barrobirr? dan
ema
bêhêz, sîst, siwh'
weak
garran
want V.
wistin
weaken v.
wanting
kem
wealth
war
wealthy
sharr, jeng
warder
hapsawan, banlvvan
warehouse warm
amar
garm
bêhêz k.
dolamani dolaiiian, zeiighi
wean v.
birrlnawa
weapon
silah
wear c.
labar k", piishfn
warmth
garm!
wear out v.
warn v.
agaar k.
wear
warped
khwar, chotaiitawa
wart
washerwoman
washing wasp
hangasura,
zardawala,
mara
watch n.
saat
wedding
watchful
wurria
wedge
watchmem water
aw dan, azhîn
watercarrier watercloset
waterskln
hiza,
waterway
wavering wax
kuna,
jQga, sulina
gerdim
b'aw
wave V.
hal Wushanin
dudil
m'w, liik
girin
keshan, pewan khoshhatî,
bekhêr
hati
mushamma
plusk
waterwheel
heftaana
giranl, qurs!
weld t).
barani,
waterspout
weekly
welcome
goza
waterproof
bzhar
hefta
weight
dem, beau-
waterpot
weed n.
.weigh 0.
jêawdan _
Chwarshem'u
bzhar k.
weep V.
khurraw.
waterless
watery
.
kozala.
wateringplace
mara, zawan
weed I'.
week
adabkhana
watercress
waterfall
awkesh
zhin
pwaz
Wednesday
saatchi
paswan
aw
water v.
birrin,
stanin
cho lai khestin
watchmaker
mutabchi
agh, parda
wed V.
dasblao!
watch I'.
honlnder,
qazzaz, jola
web
zardazira
waste
honIn
weaver
jii bo shshtin
(trans.)
rozhigar
weave o.
jilshii
down,
man!, ma
weather
shshtin.
or,
da khwardin weary
barQka
wash V.
kon bun
away,
mashka
joshaniii
well n. bIr well
adv. chak, bash, sakh
west wet
khurawa tarr, shil
what
ch!
whatever
hachl, haclishte k.
wheat
ganum
wheel
cherkh,
tekalik
khirr,
khisht
159
VOCABULARY.
cherkhger
whore
ganda
khizakhiz k.
whose
hiki
wheelwright wheeze v.
when
(interr)
ke?
(pos)
ki,
where
hachwakhit
lakaiiila
whereabouts n. whereas
je
lamaki
whereby
kibiawa
wherein
liwe
whereupon
wabiawa hachjê
wheresoever
wherewith whet I'.
kibiawa
widen v.
whether
hasan ya, yan, na
biwazhin
widower
width
bezhin
pan!
wife
zhin, khezan
wild
kevvi, torr
wilderness
will V.
chol
wistin
n.
wist
will n.
(inheritance)
(rel) ki
willing
bemeililsh
which
(pron.) kam
willow
bl
whichever
hachkam
win I'.,
whichever
hachkam
wind
lûranin
whine i'. whip
qamchl.
whirl I'.
birdin
ba
wind I'.
ki
kherr khwardin
whlrpool
garraw
whirlwind
garraba
windfall
bakhestiia
window
penjira
windpipe
sharap
bal
beserka qsa k.
wing
serka
wink I'.
white
niikr! k. 'cho hal taka¬
nin
winnow v.
sp!
biba k.
whiten V. sp! k.
winnowing fork
whiteness
winter
splat!
whitewash
gachaw
bekû
whither
whithersoever
who
kl, kl
whoever whole
hachkas, hachki
beqalam, laseriyek
wire
wise
hacbtji
garmian
serrin
maftiil, têl
zanai
zana
wish V.
wistin
wish n.
wist, maram
wit
ki
whomsoever
winter quarters
wisdom
sakh, tawaw
wholesale
whom
behachkii
shan
zwistan
wipe V.
'
hal bestin
gerii
wine
whisper ;;.
flka keshan
qurrmish k. (of clock)
wind up (business)
whisper v.
whistle V.
wasiat-
nama
which
while
siichar,
pan k.
widow
tiiez k., hasan k.
whetstone
kharapker,
guni'kar
wide . pan
kii, lakii
whereabout
plita
wicked
lakii
whenever
bochi, bo
wick
chiwakhit
whence
why
with
hosh
lagal. latak
VOCABULARY,
160
withered within
agira
wriggle I'.
lanao
kho pech dan
wring V.
ba dan
without
be
wrinkle girj, chirch, qirch
witness
gawahî, shahid
wrist
jumka dast
woe
dilgirani, kham
write V.
wolf
giirg
writer
woman
writhe V.
zhin
womanly womb
minaldan
da man
wonderful
ajaib
kho pech dan
nwlsrau, kaqaz
wrong
narast
Ishkeraii
dar
wooden
wool
writing
zhinana
wonder i'.
wood
nwisin
nwîsar, katib
darin
khiirî,
(short,
of
sheep)
Yard
gez
kulk,
(fine) bergin, (of goats)
yarn
mil,
(uncarded)
yawn v.
bawishk dan
yawn n.
azhazhka, bawishk
shil
naka-
rawa, (carded) shil karawa word
qsa
risI, lûka
year
sal
work n.
Ish
yearly
work î'.
Ish k.
yeast
worker
Ishker
workman
yellow
kirekar
workshop
salana maya
yes
karkhana
zar, zard, zerd
ball, bll, mbar!
dwêna, dwêka
yesterday
world
dinia
yesternight
worm
kirm
yet
wormeaten
kirmkhwardiia
worry
fikr, giran!
worse
kharaptir, pistir
worship V. worst
la hamii
pistir
yokel la
hamii
hêzhin, zhian
hêzh, zhI
worthless
bêhêzh,
laiq
wound I'.
brindar k.
wound n.
brIn
wounded
brindar
wrap V.
ewa, itan
jawan,
(of
animals)
jiijka your
itan,
hîêwa
hîêwa
yours
yourself youth
khwatan
jawani, minali
pechanawa
wrapper
wrath
ladlw, giiran zarlhllka, zardênahilka
young
worth n.
worthy
you
dan
nîla
yolk
kharaptir
worth, to be v.
yield V.
yoke
perestin
duesho,
heshta
têapêchraii
wrench 1».
Zeal
telash
zealous
qin
bezur rra keshan
wrestle v.' ziiran girtin
zigzag zinc
betelash pêchpêch, chotail
qai
161
5
C C3'
' Ul
ve,
u
c
M
Cu
Q 2
W
§
3
Cu
a
o
o
-5 î; ai
..^
a
tn
Iw
:
C ic«
.:
:
:
:
:
I.L......
« 2
r^
o^ ir3
<: w w Û
>«
"rt
CQ
C
'S
r3
w
Cat
13
<û
.
a. a ^
O o
g
*
1
*
^
* Ip
,_l
l-l
l_
nS u 0, i:t3
:CÎ
IX
.-
',-
c i
o
8^
cu
:
:
_rt
_rt
"3
: 3
:
at e
w
13
'S
1)
a 1
-2.2
Û
H-.
rt XI J3 JO
X T3
CL
u
0
-
f-r
(U
0
,
.
u'S 0 .^
rn
1 u
4>
rt
0
0
0, cs
-4
rt'S O
^ OS O
O
.-t!
OS
5: JQ X!
o
CL,
0
0
-a" £s.aSo g §^ S,5 sss i 00000000 ; i ,._»-J-l-J_l.*-»4->.*-»-*-'-*.'
w d
*£
^
1:«
ai;
irî
S
c i?3
£ c c =
'5
0:
rt
1-
1-
iS
Gi
U
U.
ir .^
IJxi JO j:
i
162
.
1
.
Pas
c Ul
u
u.
d
r^
c^
rj
«
J3
N
'n
N
C3
tu
lU
X!
X
J3
ica
C
3
XI
3
x
J-
.
aJ
^S > tn .M
'
N
Cau Pas
XI
*
"
'
-
c«
^
r^
r^
a
.^
^^
ca
G
.
M
*
c
3
o!)
"
I
*
I
N
OS
103
X
Xî
Irt
;
x:
*
;
;
;
;
;
;
*
N
r^
'U y
.
.
pja
_o
3
.
cxc Ö
Xi N
Cfi
I
*
Cfi
'
Ul
N
Ul
li)
X
^
11
*
N
X
3
X3
3
rO
,(_,
S
'5:
3
^^
cri
'^
'd
_^
j_i
^
OJ
D
o
5
r)
~i-'
."
u
>>
3
f-i
"03
2
p
E
CO
v
C rt
O -4-'
"-*
-I-'
3 -H
X
cs
-SIS
rg
a
2
a
"-M
^g^
g-C
O
rt
a> .2
1)
'u:
Î3 .3
U X3 J2 ,a o .o
tu
-*-»
+j
o
ca
a XÎX3 o
o
-M
.^
ca
o
'^ l_l
^
^
ca 11
s G
'""'
'S
'n
O)
'n
'n
02
rt
Iw
OJ
ll>
13J
,r-]
X
Xi
-O
J3
X!
^
ica
.-H
Ul
'
X
CS
a
^
X!
163
ca
ta
£: ca
ca
(
i5 IV
xi N
ica
G :
c :
ica
ica
ica
rr
N
x
id
.
^
'
'
c
3
3 "3
3
j^
SO aj
u.
lU
JJ
ca aJ
ggla --oS
ca
^ 5^ii
o
Ö IS
t/i
> o
V
> o
> o
g a
B a .a .i^' s e o
(D U X! X3
tn O
o
o "" 1^ !U X: x:
'S ca "0 ca
55) .v'
jj
43 ij
tn
'-0
iJ
u.
V
O
tn
c
tu
o
tn
V
4-r.ui
o =3 =;
3
tn
Ul
o
tn
en
Ul T3 "o
O
O
tn
3
D
ca
ca
tn ca
O
>
0)
O tu
X
ca J3
ca
(u
1)
-
° 2 2.S 3
3
u
o Xi x: xi
a V ii
O
O
; 12
ta
G X ca J3
J5
u
o
u
lak
I
:
ca
ca
cj
tu
'B
I
Ji
S 5
Ul
ca
X
tJ :
3
.-
o
ca
'J
o
erikl
t^
esht, hezl
tj
J= N
X
33 o tn
"ca
G b^
p
V
iJ &
_
X
tn O CJ
'o c o CJ
;s
...
ca
o
u
.^
CJT3
«
^
o
G
u
ca
X! i _^^
"^ G as y"-a C«
C
S
.-«
Xi
-ur
ii.a
G
ca a > 3
u
XI
H
G X3 .^
tn
o XÎ
o
o
o
o
o
o
!2 i! T-i
Xi
-
..
3
M
>
S'l.G
1)
^.t^^ G g-S
ca
u
V
X
G
j3
1)
"^-giS -T*
"(
e
a a
G
rt
-a
u
1^ G
3yxiG.5(Ug^ ?3 £ ?3 ^ ;§ "
(J Xi
tn
J2
SC aXD Xi
00000000
ca
u,
_ça
p
'S
r-
Ji
c3 O"
Ul
ica
ri
!>-'
i3
J3
G
r;
Xi
'J
0
0
"ca
G X3 ca
y
tjXi i! X!
00000
IS
G
iG ^ .N
0-5
. J=
.3 U -G x:
'-^ V
X
165
ca
is
ca
rt
c
G
IC«
ica
c
a
^
X
c ica
C
Ul
T3
C :
>
ita
a tn
V
X
X
o
u
i.-a
.G
c
G
Ita
a
.
.
.
C
Ita
a
ica
o
tn
o
rt
ica
u
a
Ul
X
ca
V
.^H
-ij
I-.
1-
""
Ul
; CO
c
XI
X
U.
U*!"
U
ca
ca "O
ca
I
;
:
c
X X
X
13
CJ
'J
egul
egul
Ul
Ul
~
o
egul
egul
U
raosl
Ul
rosh
-o G V -O
-G
u.
.u
uT
■"■î?^
^-a
"
s o -M
V
tn
Xi
is
3
V
ca
(;
o
o
o
o
o
o
o _o
o
o
o
o
o
o
ca
c
rt
ca
'3
"o
tn
O
O
O
-U»
.M
.U*
_
u 'ûî
G ^ ...»
cgoivne,b strike o
vou
sibm ct toi destc, sible h,bu (shoe (bagcivk brejct itnea (treans shine pols sew -
T3
^
JH
u
o
u
O
>
Xi
O
O
O
o
.+-».*-
.M
-M
.u»
o
o
o
.1-1
.1-»
c
ca
r-
1<
X
o
O
.1^
J3
J3
X X
t-\
tJ
tJ
o
o
.-
ica
S
ica
'
G
"^
I-!
'^
'O
G b
V
1-.
'O-O
ica
T3
166
ca
^
ö G
> ^
'en tn
rt
J2
G
u.
f*
rt
N
J3
o
N V
Xi
u.
CU
C4
rt
en
o
^
u>
X3
^-
li
3
tn
rt
>
^CX ca
'rt ;
.
.
:
;
"
'^
ca
;
:
;
CJ
;
:
:
'c :
rt
'
'~ »
"
tr.
.a
'c
'a
:
rt
"f^
rt
iS
^
'Ç
X
3
tn
'C
v-^
lO
V
.^ ; E
;
'^
\
I
;
O
-M
i3
a
3
u.
Ul
1-
i.-a
I-,
-
o (U
Ö 5 Ö
rt
P
3
V 1-
X!
tn
N
IV
ID
i3
,-
X E
.J
tfi
X S
T3 -O
o
tn
N
ca
O
o
u
XI
X!
XÎ
a
u.
U
Ul
ca
ca
1.UI
1.1-1
Ul
V. X^
O
'
CC
D tn
ncoiSt,
X) c
X3 ta
a Ul
^
o N1
ao
G lU
(U
3
Xi
'-I
G
ca
ca
o X
o
o
ca
3 G a '-G o
W D
- '75
en
3
.a "ca
o
O
tn
"ca
>>
O
V
M
lU
ta
3
ta
ca
i3
l3
u<
U
X
'n
T5 -0 T3
en
'n
O
o
X)
XÎ
5
.
ca
|"s rt
o
«
a
tu
ca
tn
o "
G
ca X3
D tn J2
O
o q5
SX
4->
o
O
o
O
o
o
o
o
3
^ ill ^ O
o
o
.
"^
Xi;G ao p
- 53 "= " S-ts^ -*-t
0
Hi
CJ
14-1
TJ
tn X3 'U G
14-1
V
D
u
33 rt g:
m _ i-" e
co
CJ
G
tn
'Soiog o Xi
a
-4_)
-J(
-4_J
-4
-4^
-
-*-»
-*-»
-*-'
-J-J
,
_
'U
X!
>
D
n
'U .S X!
3
3. o ^ :>, > H tn ^ ? :?
^
rt
O
u
-J-J
G Ul
rt
3
D
.
-4-»
o
iG rt
rt
.s-s
rt
G 6
uT '"xî rt
G
'U
o
o
4=: XI
O o
^.2
tn
tn
"0 j; c a °
rt "O
'X
D
'U
-u*
.> X! X4 111 t,\
D
u< j2
D
f,\ '~*. u :G ax!
0-0
000
D rt X! Xi _
-J
rt
rt
_ O
^ *"
G
ri
4-1
Ul D
_
O
^ a
Ul
J3 D
XI
rt
J2
D
>
'G
tn
.
to
Ul
D H
H
rt
00000000000000 4_»
ii_
D
rrt
tK
2
ae
D
S;
xi
.2
D
C t^
rt
o
ac
ac
ac
G ' D G a D T^ 3r 0 a o o
168'
G rt
rt Ul
cu
IV
ac
ac
G rt
Irt
ica
N
irt
V
ID
Ki
.N
IV
D
ac
ac
"ac
ac
ac
ac
G
G
Ki
Irt
tn
tn
u
u
rt
'ac
ac
o- S
o55 ID
D
ac
ac
ac
ac
ac
^ ,
G
li
a s
XI
D C?
C
a
o - G .& '*^ o n '-^
D
a
^
O
h
lU
g* »* D ^ -
D "O XI
.Ul
D
^
XJ
tn
G
rt
D
a V
ac o
Î-4
o
3
-2x1x3 a g D-^ -«
/
> > o 5 -g 5i
;G '-G -Lj
D
D
h
G .-«
o
o
o
a
u
o
D
.^
D X3
rt
-^
a
rt
5?ji c o « « =3 D u
giXiX3 a':*'^ -^ o
ac
N
tn
rt
D
P
G JO X3
o
o
o
ac
x; o
Ul
-u» p
^"^ 'U
Ji 4J j^ rt rt rt
ac
ac
rt
cn
tn
tn
o
ac
rt -ut Ul. 'U
o
V
ae
V
Hi ^
a
V
N
lU
G
G
., 4.4'
Ji o =^ ^ -^ -G
S 'U 53 ^ n S G a
1
D ^ a
>
D -t; -js
Si S-°3 G ac,
o
3 >.
CJ -t~i
V
'U
^ D
2
rt
a
D 4-*
« 'U D-'
D __
rt
G
. f 1
a
tn
con ake.
Oif
4->
t/j
o
rt
x;
rt
D
D
Ul
11)
D
to
rt
o
o
mat cau
3 4-1 t*
o
169
a
rt
rt
a
r!
C
Irt
Ki
Irt
Cir
ac
,
.
rt
.
n a i.^
lU
u
tn
-OL
ac
ac
ra
,
,
,
guran
Irt
,
,
.
,
,
rt
gflran n
'
rt
rt
. "
.
.=;
G
'
*
iCj
"
Irt
rt
i3 ac
la
N
U^
O
i3
ac ac
<^
ica
^ "
ID
sc
2
^
ac
ac
.a .3
:
.
'c
13
= 'ê o
'
ac ac
ac
ac
D
D
ID
3
'Ö
ac
,
a
ii
D O
D
rt
D 2
D CJ
Xi D
G
C/Î
rt
C
H
rt
^S 53 ii
x; 'U
.a u
tu
II, Oi m DlitninrtD>.53 »1 G. 3 »1 3^ a o o
- D D J3 J- JD x: u
a
o
V
a
N
D
J3
u
"d
o
ac ac ac $i rt
:^ (3 5
e
3.
33 3
a
G
^
ac
ac
ac
^
G
rt _,
*-l
-^
D X!
^ O o ja
'
170
oJ G
rt
siv
Ki
harri
Pas
ca
'U
=
ffi
.
.
rt
-
...
:
:'
G
"(2
:
: "
Ki
is
tn
rt
X tn
tn
__;
G rt
I
hênr
;
:
:
;
"
1
3 U.
t-
D
u
u.
tn
is
'U ,
rt
tn
iiOi
D
p
X X3
D _
tn
-M
3
'U
.
o
cn Ul
a?i 4-.tn
^'rt i^-u P "C 53 rt '^
G
1^
ac
a
rt
'u 'U 'u 'U acxi acxi o
o
O 4-1
'U . u Xi
o
o
rt
.O
o
o
rt
r-
G
G
rt
^ V X G _o D D Xi ac_Ki .G rt XJ
'U to
O
D
'ö'C -C -y a
JG
o
XJ -x
ac
'V
rt
O
P
rt
ii
-
-ui-ii
-.-G -^ D
rt
D
tn
o
a
Xi a Dii a ri'v a 'U
o
o
O Xi
o
o
o
O
O
O
O
ct
r-
r-
'G
Irt Irt "d ID
D
o
D
?f'a 'U ??fcH «J (u'-C C
P
n
'u.
D
_ 'u
G .S? D D
P
">
rv O
-
aOjD a ^-rt
O
o
OOO
5 a .5 '"^3
.a 3
ID
D.23
.23
x: j= x:
x;
HI
171
irt
a
u
rt
a
c
hon
irt
rt
Ul
r^
i3
c irt joshanr
julanrai
-
jilr
:
Ki
:
: a
rt a
a ,
,
,
.
:
ni
rt
o
ni
X
:' :
^
rt
o
.
^
.
a
Irt
Irt
a
rt
'3.
'G,
Ji
:
X3
Irt
i u
G
x:
a
i3
o
CS
'"'
XJ
.-a D
o
_o
2
o
o
o _o
o 4-»
4-1
jamiesng ca to
l-l
G Irt
3
:
:
D
>
o 4-»
ltauogh d e u n g t , itnecs], goetcr,.
btcohp ed teoinfg cearvl,. evr boefi laugh cause cmhasetiw, bmaesticl dpig. spul,deig,dbue o _o
o
o
o
_o
_o
o
4-1
o
o
o
o
4-1
-1-»
4-t
4-1
a
c
is a
D
o
a 3
rt
o
ope Igrav
J3
.2
D
Ul
4-1
rt
permit
\
3.
4-1
V
1
U
ooo
B
n
i3
'
tn
4-1
Irt
a
O
o
kan ni .
.
Irt
.3^
xi
D
.
:
a
j-i
G
G
j3
I-H
_G
172
/
û
C
.
>
rt
r-
u
as
x: CO
IX
t-.
'u
sive
t«
2
;
;
irt
2
^
rt
To
"£,
ID
ID
..^
Ji
rai
;
(
Irt u ;
:
y^
c rt tn
J^
.
P
3
Ö
kelfn
rt
.
dj
O S
c "irt
o cu
ci-S £
,
,
,
.
,
.
«
I
1)
i~*
s^ c
"Tn rt
ID
n>
Ji
Ji!
J4
i>
>
.g' tx:
'^ rt
dopvewurthsn,lc. o
o
c
O
o
O
d t r c e p o a u w s l . , b d r e a p u w t l c n . d , ( i H n t o c q a l u d f e p s . ) t r o e p a x u f , d1bploeughd, ab drespxufnl,.t1arswkeigch,forxeuc, o
o
o
-
r-t
irt Jrt
x; tn
ID
ID
JUS
Ji
' '
f
(tiaomkef).
bbtepouirlnmftgd, tesnouefilr, topwerimgfhted,
o
o
o
4-1
4-1
"^
ibe nto to-clablinede, be to t r a e c x t r ¬ i c a b l e , btageookiuntg,
wards. '
173
Irt '
ct
4-1
ct
x:
x:
X Ji
Jrt
u-a
' jS 3
3
G rt 1«
Irt '
G
4-1
rt
3
rt
G
x: Ji
X
,o rt
:
o ox: o x: ^ ^
rt I->
x: CO
-g 'tc li Ji
D
6
a xi
D
.a
tn
-^^
O ^
a D
>
^
M
>
D^
D
G
D
i [
tn
axi
V
O
o
o
O
*
O rt
G -" -*-^
Ah
-^
,*^
-r;
D
fi
O
O
cn J2 JJ
O
-G
li
O
O Xi
O
O
O
P u x=
Q,
3
rt
^-
.&3 Xi
" u tn tn .r4 O
tn
g .& o -^ rt 'to x:
_>
r4
a
li
,_;
li 1
G JD
cn
^'.^
irt
> O
to
C rt ct Ul
:> V
^
to X3
Ul
a
a
rt N
rt
Xi ^
x:
X
X
Ji
Ji
.a
3
> ,^
V
'^
D
D
> i" p
., "^ '2 D
D lu >
OOOOOOOOOO
C-
-ii ? Irt
V
X5
o X3
4-1
ac^--^ O H .^
O
V
tn Xi - ri ,
-^
d' D g :5 g 't
D x:
XI Xi
D
O
1^ S h
'-^ a.-
>XJ
Irt
O
Ji
(TJ
.ii ^ V. O
Ji rt
li
CD
3 -^
_rt
x:
5
-
O
D
G
-
d' li
G a
o
G
p
4-1 ji:
S I' tfc S -3 === ^
57 f
o
cj
0-4
^- li a^;; D
Ji
XJ 3 rt«S^_^
5-?^
C)
Ji
XI
(U
rj
X
il f
J4
I liiii^ S
x:
D Ul
D
.±i XI
174
-
1
rt u '
>
c
'Ji
2
rt
irt
(ii
c
rt
rt
3
0.
a
3 «
fi
Ul
Irt
Ul
Ul
u
Ul
Ji
3
3
vn
^
u.
a
G
>
irt
^
ri > X .Z.
G
^
u
a
'-2 2
0(2
irt
irt
Ul
u
'
Irt tn
3
3
J=
x:
x:
Ji
Ji
Ji
a
r-t
rt
r-
'/)
;
d
Irt
;
;
;
;
;
Irt
u.
cn
5
i3
;
;
;
;
;
Ul
x:
IS
rH
irt
15
Ji
!U
'H.'S g
,
,
OJ
u
,
.
.
,
-a
XJ
5 S
.
,
'a
.
u
rt
1-
,
'a
u 1-
i_
.u
"S as
c
,
,
,
,
m
3
^
5
J3
X Ji
J2
,
,
.
l-l
f-i
3
.A
Ji
Ji
1
.,
D
a 3
3
>
D
rt
D
XJ
3
V
3
rt
comStei
XI Ji (-1
rt
53
O
3
V tn
O
tn
D
a
d'
D 4-1
CO
rt
D
3 'u .'3
V M-l
'u _u
rt j:;
O 4-1
O
n
u
O
C tn rt
.3
D
rt
D J2 T3
O _o 4-1
o
D
Xi Xi
xi
u
tn
D
Ji
V S XJ
G
o o o
rt
0
is
a
a ac
V
0"
a p
'to
0
;>,
IS 3
4-1
a
V
_D
_c
u,
"53
a
3 D
14-1
rt
0
X
D
u
_>i
D
0
D ^ XI
o
o
o
O
o
O
0
-*-»
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-»
n
D
0
a 0
XI
0 -*"
0 X
G
3
DUG
atj J2
u
>
D
Irt
^
to
0
^
4-1
tn
Ul
X
x;
_a
.^
u
Ul
^A
Ji
Ji
J*
3
3
-^
i3
'
-5
a
0
^
rt
a V
-4-»
!x:
g
u
0
rt
a
V
XI
.ul
^ ri
Ul
1 .. 3
3 g"
rt
P 'p -j
rt
Xi
73
o" ^to
cj
S
a
x:
_ 3, a li" a
o
BC ae
.0
D tn
ri
tn
n D
V
o
D XJ
O "^
-o .a
r-
o
Ji
a
CO
'ri V
53
D
4-r
OXl
O 4-1
O
3
14H
'u
3
a
3-
rt
a
D
D
V
D
,
'
i3
'C
175
3
Ji
c« l-l
rt
o o
Ji o
3 Ji
3 .ti
^
X
G
.3
irS «
irt 3 x:
irt
o
Ji
o
O
X
rt
3
In J4 3
3
J4
Ji
3 U
Ji
O Ji
O
u
ac
U
D
_H
o
t;
3
tn
4-1
3 3 Ji Ji
Ji .b Ji
o
x:
rt
tn
-Ul
4-1
V D
XI
XI ^
N
D
ri u
x:
U.Sf ri a
Xi
o
a t3 D a ac
a o
O
il
"i
rt
cn
o
3
ca
P
D
O
>i
O
-Ul
rt
.%
^4
J
x:
U
Ul
« J3
3
'a
I' §X5' ê Xi ID
G
r^ .ÎÎ
3
D
rt XJ
D
o
li
a
tn
li
3
D xi
' B
'a
u
D J3
.0
Do-" o V
000000000 o
o
Xi
m
a
i! rt-C.*4 a
u
ci XJ
r-i
rt
,3
G
r-
o
b '2 3
o
O
.Ji
u
G
0000
Ji Ji Ji
X3
,ct
tn
4-1
3
3
o
O
li
-y Xi o
D
li
rt 'a
N
O
3
rt u
rt u
_, li
7? D
ac acj2
a
0000
S.G 'S 'n
3
D
N
rt
X
a
?3 -".Û
a
,00
D
wt.
-4 "^ o '53
i^ ii
Ji
Xi
.,
1:^1
to ,
3 o ^
D x: .3 D
o
3^
., ^3 « .B? rt .-G .-G 3 _i
-
Ul
u
N
ct ^ tV ^
D
-i2*"
ti XI rt cn
--DDGOOD 1-iDGOOD O rt li a - acj2 Xi Xi V V X
li U XI o
S
O
O
I'
D
>> O
38 -
Ul
ac
,
xP rt
D
rt
?: rt
176
G
G
rt
.
Ki
rt
ID
Irt
Ki
a
a
1«
Ki
O:
.ti D
C.
rt
rt
Irt
.O
u
a
o
p
C
ÎJ
ac
?1^
in
Ji
a a
C
D
C/l
D
ca
li
D
>
>
D
li
V
X:
"G
X
D^X:
rt O
tx ,a
tn
D
a
XI
V
a)
o
fD
E
^
"" Xi
ti
.,-
D
D
0
2 ^-^
'Ö 5
C/)
l-*
- 14-1
G
i= D ja! -u;
3 'G .^ a
iJ i=!
Ji =i
ac
I' -n tn "
rt
X3
fi
fi
tn X
a
'a
rt
li
tn
D . D -
ooooooooooo
Irt
a
li
G
U'u
j^-Q ""jiJi i'G^ •U-r!DOOD3'S'Ş5^1' tnXi'JS
oT 4-1
53
ndie ed nexitar 0
000
0
rt
irt
Irt .3
a a
a a
0
ac D rt D 'a X li Xix: o
o
177
rt >
d rt
>
rt
ca
irt
rt
'^
irî
G rt
Irt -rt
f-i
r-
1«
[n
a
irt u
C
rt
rt
3 G
3 ac D rt
'a
G
ac o
D O
D ,
,
o
CJ
tn
d
XI
a
D
ct
s .4^2 -i ^ OJ BS '" -^
3 ^
?;
rt
X
^
C
- li
S
D
D
a
"^
li -*^ -a
^
^
S-2 3..5CG
c
u
tn
_.
rt
o
3. a li
d' a Ji Ji
S XI 43
^4
to
to
O
o
- li -^
o
a
"
Ji o.
li
li
O
-
aco D
D
P
fa
fe'S'b^-^
ac
-
D
g li^ i li a
a a
555555
<« la
3 x3 i5 a « ^ -.
CJ
3 G li î^-^ ^ m
a D
'^ "G rt
-
4-1 -0
D
C x3 .^ V
Ji O
. Ji
d
H
- b
^ O
.3 -ui
5
555555555
'a Irt
G
*u
Xi
u
o
-o
3 2 3 S B B 3
178
c rt
rt
0, Ki
a
G
rt u
.
rt
: J5
rt
N
rt
Ul
'a,
d
a
C
r4
G
G .
irt
c
rt
irt
Cv!
:x!
ID
M
Ul
U.
rt
d
o
a
a
s s CJ
as S
OJ
R3i
3
3
ac
a« D
D
rt
irt
a
a
P _o
3,
rt
o
4-1
O -=.
ci Ul
s:
^
>
D
ac
d
'd
3
D
.t; U,
o o 'U s -^ 4-1
4-1
JD
U
rt
d
V
O
>,
D
4J
D
o -'-^
tn 3
li
rt
tn 3
D
-M
O
tn j_, 3 .-g;
, -
rt
fTî
a
o '
CJ G D B ' x-a
D
D
a
O J2 Xi
tn
pj
-43
a
u,
a
D
>; Ul
d
D
rt a
i-p rt
CJ "
JD
o
o
So
rt
Ul
tl
D
V
o'a
tn
O
> 5 u
>i
D
a
fard oe etc, 3
ca
p._D
3i
ooooo
c3 4-1
3 a
o.
D,
_3
a
^xi-o o-r,^ -^
3
D
,
4-1
3
D
tn 3
o ,
Ul rt li a o J3
.»
d I-]
rt
a
irt
a
Irt
a
>
>
ac
o u
,, li
axi
ooo
o
o
o
4-1
4-1
4-1
Id
a
'
4-14-14-1
X
Irt
D
7, a xi
h
tn D
s.ire ure
.2 "53
d
a
179
d
G rt
rt
G
^ g
rt
u
5 ID
d
D
a
a
a
c rt
o X3
irt
u
Ki g 5
u
c
5« !-
to « d >a
Ö rt
i-" rt
-u»
£
' ca
i:^ t^
rt
V
a
a
a
c
rt
id
G
Ki
rt
rt
rt
c
; x:
rt
" ^ Ili
d
c
ID
D
a
a
a
a
o
x:
D'
tn
d
rt
a
a
ID
D
ID
a
a
a
a D
V
X
4-1
ac V
c
u
V
3
3
XJ
XJ D
'a
D
O
tn
o
o
D
.^4
D
G
V a'B
'a
D
^
a
D
.
X3
" 5 . to 3
D
fe
G O
^
N
a .
"-D li
>
^ '55
o o V
i=-
U
I
tn D
h
to
li u
a
a a
a
X
u 4-1
O
tn
3 .4-,
V
>
D
XI
"
£-^ tn
;
D
tn
O
X
D
u
O
"
tn D
X!
li Xi
rt
D X)
S ;s
x:
P
tn
>
s-i
"^
^
S-'
-3Xi ^o-î -
O
" -'-' Xi
-S a5 S °
li
Ul
« cc
D
XI
g
D D Xi
tj
D D a Q,
OOOOO
3 CO
c^
1
V
D
tn
cn
rt D
rt D
a a
a a
o
rt
ID
a
a
V
a
D
o
O
O
O
4-1
4-1
"^
o tn
D
XI XJ
4-1
...
a
d
rti
rt
rt
£1
tli
tn
rt
X
XJ
3 D
g a
4-1
OOO
o
O
rt x; ri
D
a
o,
1
'a ,
u
- ^
a î= u
tn
i;
D
a a 3
^
a I"
ID
a
180
«
a
'r
laive.
a"
G
Id
rt
Vi
to
pirs
l-l
"
anr
; t
i
sCaua;l
Coplment. a S S ^
ir m
a
G
Ki
irt
.
a *
UI. I
;
;
Irt
-4
3
.
;
:
:
:
:
I-H
i
;
1
i
1 i
f
rt
G
Irt
'
chr psr a
^
chr an, psr pch ;
i
u
_o
^
3
tn
>,
tn
Ul
D
.a
tn
rt
^
li
- D
3 Ji .o V
V
X
X o
o
o
4J
4-1
4-1
G
UI.l piz
:
tn
d
4-1
-Ul
d
N
b:
^
V
o-
a
in rO
D
d
CO
u
V
3
a
d
CO
rt
3
G
O X
a.
O
o
O
O
o
~i~>
-^
4-1
4-1
-^
-4
^
'G
a
a
cJ
e(intes, aptr,
^
a
G
u
a
a
S3
a
TO 1
1
D
O
L4
Ch
^
r4
11
'G
CO
O
*j
rt
'G
>
O
'..^
^
V
*"
d
^
,
D
D u.
bsleyi,
tuentlytsonr nez sonez speavr,tr part lied vera!
-*-»
u
tn
OOO
a
D
4-1
a
4-1
a
'a
'a'a
'a
a
s
a"
3
tn 3
1
!
Irt
a
:
O
1
'
_,.
r4
O r/3
x:
3
a
a
izhman ran
"
a
a
irt
ilsh:
a
*
a
^
u
rt
.
a
Zi
rt
a
il sh
Cau Pas î
a
rt
tZi ,.
1
u
a
irt
i
Ul
Ul
Ul
rt
;
Ki
a
3
D
a
cn
V
D
X
Xi
o
o
o
"'-'
4-1
*
I8t
rt Ul
M tn
a a
c
Ki
irt
G rt
irt Irt
G
irt
a
x: i3 a
Xi
o
d
3
Ki
a 3
3 O"
C7
C d
G .
Ki
;
c
Irt
:x
rt
a
X o
d
cr
3
d
i3
r-
D
G
H
O
.G
cr
a
ac
a a-
cr
Ki
XJ x; -
D
D
y
1^
CC
t"
tJ
li
D
ac
XI
i[usweitdh tneord
a
dentd
gabhout er enchd interf bcansdbeendt identbecom pluck briep (1)
o
o
4-J
4-1
o
4-1
3
3 CO
X
i3
d
a
h cpraedk,
ooooooo Xj
cr
4.4
4-1
4-1
4-1
_o _o
4-1
ooo 4-1
-ul
4-1
o
o
4-1
o
4-1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
-Ul
Irt
X
P
.2
5
c"
cr
folucrp ki
tj
3
cr
a
.
(
182
ci a
>
*cÖ
u
u
x:
u
Pas
G-
rt
c rt
B
tn
ID Ul
C
.
Ki
S^
Irt
tn
.
Ul
-3
tn
rt
N
rt
^
,
,
,
Ul
a
a
a
rt
rt
rt
rt
x:
a
N
tn
rt
'P
u
*-
*-
u
Irt
Ul
rt
rt
C
rt
l-l
r4
u
rt
Irt
'u
Ul
^
!-
,
C irt
s ID u
Ul
a I-H
^
^
*
;
;
3
^
. 3
"
:
i
i 3-
aus
*
c
a
:
rt
X
tn
N
rt
ID
ID
Ul
u
Ul
i
i
:
3
:
:
Irt
'u
.
,
.
:
rt
tn
O
^
:
5 E U
o
,Sd
r-" ^
1-
u
Irt
irt
Irt
1-4
u
d
rt
3
a
ac
ac
gK
p
D
;^
pi
^
^-
i-
'
.
3
-G
Js: .4
N
p
rt u
'
*-*
a
cn
tn
Ul
Ul
'"'
XJ
X3
D ^
O a
d'
a
B
it:
D
o
o
4-1
CO
>.
i-i.
o
rt o
'a D
4-1
d
D
4-1
X3 XJ
rt
rt
u
a
O
O
d
XJ
O
Ul
D
D
o
r*
XJ
o
o
4-1
4-1
D
a
tn
to
O -
"3
a
_D
'o.
d
tn
V
V
d
V
XJ
u
X
o
o
o
4-1
4-1
O
.M
d
'a CO
6
4-1
a
-
O
Xi u
'a
_c
Si
o
a >
CO
o ^
a
3
O
^
+4
a
tn
to
a
D
5i
rt
OXl
-^^
rt
a'J3 o
o
ace
o G
& O
V
D
Q
D
a.Q Xi
d a
-M
O
O
o
o
o
O
O
o
4-J
4-1
4-1
-*-»
-M
4-1
4-1
-l->
ri
3 ',H
irt
5 î^
.
G
fi
ca
d
C
a 3 rt N Ki
Irt N rt
u
u
G ^
r-
'S d
^
P
irt
Irt
''cr
X
1
tn
D
ip
-^
'-'
jd
G G
li
tn
3 "5 3 a
d
g
0
XJ 3 Xi O
V
3
XI
o
o 'a a "i
a
D
D-^
14-1
d'
D
rt o
C
'5i
CO
D 4-1
D
o
14-1
o o
O
-rt
V o
a
4-1
tn
d
ac
irt
r< '
D
'"
4-1
.-.
a li li .H X X ooo 4-1
4-1- 4-»
183
c
rt
rt
Ul
Ul
x: Ji '3
G Irt
G rt
G .
Irt
Irt
X
X3
rt
d >
G
G
rt
rt
Ji
i3 u
i3 u
3
i3
la
i3
^ i3
rt
D
p
g:
^^
> o
Ci
ac
C
G
D
ac
rt
3 si
?î /
o
D
u
u
JO
?i £ S S 6 4J
ac
li
D .G ac p rt X
a
G
x: o D
ac-a -Q
-i;
li -" XJ 3
'$.
'.s 5 :^ u
^-
XJ
-^ o 1^-
o Xi
3"~"-S
" u
'^ I o 8
XJ
tn
'fi
a p « -^
D
o'd ac Ul
O
to 'a
D
3 rt
rt P,
tn
O
ac
a rt y in D ja
o o
rt CO
G
Q,J= u
rt
a
li >
O
U
ac o
o
u
a^S Xi
oooooooooooooXi
4-1
4-1 ,4-1
4-14-14-14-I4-I4-14-I4-14-I
ac rtT
D tc
rt
rt
x: lOiD
ac
ooooo
o
o
rt Xi
4-14-14-14-1.4-1
^
c rt
JG 13
13
tn
Irt 13
13
Ip
CO
o
G
a
t^
d -Û
V JO
1
rt
.*->
o X3
14-1
d
r;^
1)
d
d
o
a
..N
S J3
rt
-C
Ul
cn
k.5^ rt
r3 o
o.
^
13
a
184
d
G
d
Ki
G
C
Irt
Irt
Ul
5
ID
iD
rt
irt
u
J3
X
irt *
Ul
a
tn .u 3
tf.
* '
r-i
-
Irt
'
Irt
.
-
^
1« lOJ
^
Xi
5i
cn
:
.5
rt
irt
d
^
f-
X
lOJ
d
o
o
53
tn
cn
c
"E-S rt ID
ID
'c5 c/:;
x:
x:
a
D
><
rj
p
D
X
D
a
D
XJ D rn
D
O
aD
li
G
o
o
2 '3 -1-^ !"
D
rt
a a.a.t; D p a a -r
s:
j: D
0 JD Xi
'^
i 1 li
to "o
c
6
o
B B
u.
52
D
G
G
tn
tn
is
O
p
tn
tn.---.
a
o- O
C
'U
p, o,-jf,XXX
tn-" o
D
B B
o
o
o
o
o
d
'fi d a
G
^
3 JS 3 3 x:x: CO-
to
G Jrt
3
D u
n
D
o
Xi
Q
Xi
_ G o 'S '5 s ^ 3 B 3
O
D
a is
a-^-j^trijo a 3 'J5
ooo^
u
:C'
S _
O
a
XI S ^
D
S u
O X "O 'to
Xi rt
3
D
ID
ofuse. me sibly a
CJ
'j;
n
D
O
o JJ
a
o
q
o
185
3
'
Ul
Ö cn
irt a
1-1 ,f-<
.
u!
.
.
.
,1«
a'
.
,
r4
.
Irt
: , -
Ul
ubi
ika
X2
:
2j^
ni
tn
ibhan
_
anr
13
2
cn
tfi
cn
r^
IS
.1^ G irt
a
r-
'
-
'
i53
X
tn
..
a
'
L '
'
I
IIU
'
rai E.IJ lir-
-
:
irt
Irt
irt H-»
cn
cn
4 \ _
.4
,T-J
l-H
I
3
'B
to
tn
a
ca
'fi
;
d
Irt
G
S tn
'
"
.
"
.
d
d
d
-a
ac
X ^
1-;
tn
to
U
ac
D
P
tu
r^
III
u
'3
'2
G
G
i3
.-4
X
tn
tn
n
tn
'
-
D
X
,
cn
a
0
0
0
D r4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
'fi Irt
lia
"^
Ji
Ul
^
d
a
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
a
1
d
>
.a c
0
_,
d
^
0
trans.)
rubec hbard (ionud(torun^d ntras.) ;rans.) ned beoinfg rscub, itrans.) btuen aspru aspirn (buirn(butrnbuer -0
D Ji
G
a
d
Irt
l-l
u
G
Ul
irt
G
'G
cn
cn
Ul
Xi
X
to
tn
a tn
-4
Xi
i3
tn J2
OOO
n
aco
ac
d t
a
4-1
D Xi
a
!i^
a
a
D
"~'tG V
Xi u
o o
a "" G
.
li
3
O
lyl
Ji
f )
ti
rt
rt
D 4-1
r-]
u
M-l
4-1
3
(bafegh inrtoa broeld broeld
rt
D
_i
a
3
O
a-O
a 0-1
cn
tn
o
o
o
o
o n o o o o_o-o_o_o^_o
O
o
o
4-1
C7 d
CO
«
u.
d
o
G
a lG J3
o
.
tn
5 i- u." "" 53 53
^ a a
D
'-^
a -^ D a r4
d
.a
ac
o
rt
4-1
frighten
-M
o
-^
o
a"
rai
Xj"
jhounersl acrmowd,.(jaienmtc., jbame o
o
4-1
rt
C
Ç
G
o
o
187
Irt
iî
d
a irt
c
rt
u
Irt
a
x:
Irt
Ul
G Ki
d
d
iî
a
:
Irt Irt rt
Ul
O
c rt
Ul
Ul
Ul
tn
rt
Irt
>.
>.
G ac D d
rt
ID
>
>>
a '
Ul
D
XJ
O
J
a
.
c
D a
D
'B
V
tn
o
o
ftasoen fangste
u
o5
V
o
o
o
o
t3
O
O
o
o
towl no tbcoauesd bopermfit
x^o
(1)
rtakec fthoaw(msatnesl,.) lhouwd btmead ftsoen o
o
o
ooo
o
o
o
o
d
'fi
d
G
rt
rt
ftascoue
ooo
dare
o
ID
188
rt
S Irt
G X
X ID
:
,'G
G
J=
X
u
c
CJ x;
5 S CJ
eg ac D
OS
Xi xix:
ID
d
a a o
w ,
P
X V
o D
axj-^
d
li
M-i
a
-s
a
o
D
"
to
ca
D
tn
TO li CJ X
n
rt
o
CJ
o
o
o
teo ause
Xi U
Irt
a
'^
O
a
o
D
D
a
Ci
x: N
o
o
D li .oXi o
D
o
D
o.^ a^
D
a4.4
i35'a ^ cn
D
3
D
O
rz
D
5
D
-U
o
o
189
IRREGULAR
VERBS.
For meanings see Tabic of Simple Verbi, Group I.
]In-iird, changing to -êrd Theme of Pres. Ind.
Infinitive.
Theme of Pret.
Imperative.
bwardin
bwêr
bward
bibwêra
bzhardin
bzliêr
bzhard
bibzhêra
nardin
nêr
nard
binera
zhmardin
zhmêr
zliniard
bizhmêra :
In- an, changing to -ên
Group II. chanin
çhên
chan
biclîêna
harranin
barren
,harran
biharrêna
khasanin
khasên
khasan
bikhasêna
krranawa
krrên...awa
krran . . . awa
bikrrênawa bimêna
man
men
man
qizhanin
qizhên
cjizhan
biqîzhêii;i
rawaninawa
rawên...:iw;i
rawan-.
birawênawa
stanin
stên
stall
razanin
razên
razan
bistêna *-
birazêna
In -aw, changing to -ew
Group III. angawtin
angêw
angawt
biangêwa
palawtin
palêw
palawt
bipalêwa
In -as, changing to -êz
Group IV. gwastinawa
gwêz...awa
parastin
parêz
Group V.
gwast... awa
bigwêzawa biparêza
. parast
Miscellaneous.
awsan
awsê
boin
ha
bfi
ba
bun
bi
bu
be
dan (to give)
î
da
bla
dan (to strike)
î
da
bîa, bida
din
bin
dl
biwêna
hatin
e-
hat
warra
twanawa
twê...awa
twa...awa
bitwêwa
awsa
The 'Verb wîstin, to wish, forms the Present Indicative as follows : Amawe, I wish, adawe, thou wishest, a'iwêt, he wishes, ainan;iwê, we
wish, atrinawê, you wish, ayfaiawe, they wish.
The Preterite is regular * The Subjunctive is bimawê,
bitawê,
bîrinawr'
The Imperative is Bidawp bitanawc
biiwe,
bimSnawê,
bit/inawê
190
APPENDIX II.
VERBS WITH
PREPOSITIONS
PREFIXED,
(i) hal
hal angawtin
to trip up
hal awsan
to swell up
hal bazinawa
to flounder, skip, hop
hal bestin
to arrange, fix, do up, tie up, erect, throw up, cut a channel, work a
fringe
into
tassels.
hal bizûtin
to rise a little
hal bizwanin
to raise
hal bizhan
to burn up (as of one standing in the sun)
hal brzkian
to curdle, to scorch
hal bun
to accumulate
hal bwardin hal bzhardin
i
to grant a free pardon , ,
to select, to choose
hal chaqanin
to pluck
hal chaqln
to stick in (slightly)
hal cherikhin
to come upwards on
the perimeter
of :i
wheel.
hal chespanin
to stick (as of bills)
hal chezhin
to taste
hal chinin
to choose
hal chun
to flee, boil over, overflow, effervesce
hal dan
to throw over, toss, pass up, pitch (of a tent),
s hal deran
to fall down a descent
hal deranin
to pick to pieces
hal doshhT
to milk
hal durûn
to sew together, or over and over
hal farranin
to put up ih flight
hal farrin
.^bal garran hal garranawa
hal geranin hal girsan .-.hal girtin hal gozin
to fly up, to jump
'
to run up, to climb to turn up, to turn over (in sewing)
to abduct, to be lifted, to be worthy of to flare up to bear, pick up, reserve, raise to well up
hal gushin
to squeeze together
hal hatin
to appear, arise, escape, ferment, disobey
191
hal hênan
to
guess,
generate,
bring
up,
bring
out
(only of chicks from eggs) to find out, evolve,
hal jûlan
to shudder
hal kandin
to dig up, excavate, eradicate, engrave
hal keshan
to pull up., out
hal kezanin
to scorch meat a little to prevent it
going
bad. hal khalatanin hal khankanin
hal khestin
to swindle
to hang (criminals)
to amass, acquire, hang up, to card (wool)
hal khiliskan
to slide, sHp up
hal khizan
to slip up forward
hal kirchan
to scorch (of leather) to begin, hoist, raise, turn up, pitch, erect.
hal kirdin
Wind up, (as of string on a spindle) manage, get on with, run (used in the
hal kirranawa
to
imperative only), ascertain the general
meaning
of
a
thing, to get a rough idea, hal kokIn hal kotin hal kotin
to cough up
to eventuate, result to eventuate, result, turn out. come across, stumble,
\Jial kutan N^ hal malran
hal mizhin hal nan hal nishtin
hal palawtin
to attack, assault
to open up, to be uncovered to inhale
to raise a little, lean against, place against to alight, sit up
to turn over,
(out of
the pot on to the
sieve). hal parrin
to bounce, jump
hal pchrrin
to unpick, uncork
hal pechanawa
to bandage above the breast,
to
wrap
up
while holding high, to hem. hal pechaninawa
to wrap up
hal qablanin
to assess
hal rêzhan
to pour out, spill
hal rrafin
to fly up
hal slamin
to be startled
hal shalaqanin
to mix (mud) to mix flour with water in making dough
hal shêlan hal shêwln
to be mixed up or involved
192
hal sîiln
to rub continuously
hal suranin
to wag oneself
hal sûtan
to scorch
hal takanin
to shake
hal terekin
to give birth (of dogs only)
hal torranin
to kick ançl plunge
hal tiiranin
to be annoying (especially of horses)
hal wariin
to be a threat of no consequence
hal wasIn
to hang up
-
^^da bazIn
Î
*^
*
da bestin
to shut down, to fatten sheep
da birrin
to separate out, to cut a little way down
da bun
to stand with hands below the knee
da chalakanin
to startle
da chalakin
to start, to jump
^da chanin i;
(2) da.
to dismount
da chaqanin
to sow seed to plant
da chaqln
to stick fast
da chespanin
to fix in
da chun
to descend
da dan
to break down, to cut (of a pencil)
da doshin
to milk to the last drop
da durfin
. garran da girsanin
to sew down to descend to light
da girtin
to enclose, fill, reserve
da hatin
to be a novelty, to be newly invented
da henan
to fell, introduce, bring down, invent
da hishtin
to let down, lower
da jfiln
to swallow down
da kandin
to take off, doff, peel
da keshan
to pull down
da khestin
to throw down, abase, liumihate, degrade.
da khizan
to slide down
da khuran
to be eaten 'awa\' by the passage of
da khwardin
to wear away
spread out.
"^"^- da kirdin
to pour out on the ground (of wheat
barley). da kraniii ^— da kotin
water
to gnaw,
scrape
to fall down, to degenerate
and
193
da kutan
to drive in (nails, etc.)
da listin
to wipe off (as with the finger)
da malln
to wipe down
da man
to be delayed, in need
da mazranin
to establish, settle down
da mazrin
to encamp, settle
da mirdin
to die down (of fire)
da nan
to put down, deposit, appoint
,da nishtin
to sit down, to inhabit
.da pchrran
to expose by pulling apart (mostly of eyes opening)
to
pull
down
(by unstick¬
ing).
.
da pechanawa
to bandage below the waist
da pilishanin
to press clown
da poshanin
to envelop
da razIn
to decay
da renin
to scrape down
'da rrafin da rrCiIii 1 da rûan
,
to fly down to sink to plant
da rCikhan
to collapse
da shikanin
to divert water,, to cut a price
da takanin
to fleece, to bleed
da twaninawa
to remelt
da wushanin
to scatter (down), to shake down,
to aim
a blow (with a stick).
(3) lai.
lai bestin
lai birdin lai birran lai birrin
to tie on
to insert (in copulation), to defraud to disappear by consomption
to
stick
in
(figurative
in
punishment). lai bwardin
to forgive, to pass by
lai bzhardin
to pick out
lai chaqln
to catci^upon
lai chun
to leak, to' resemble, to ooze
lai dan
to beat, strike, knock
lai duwan
to calumniate
lai garran
speaking '
to desist, seek, overlook, forgo, sea:rch
lai garranin
to prevent
lai geshtin
to understand from
of
194
^ îai girtin
to take off, extract, skim
iai gûrran
to make a mistake (idiomatic use)
lai hatin
to become
infected,
result,
eventuate,
to
be affected, to be seized with colic, lai keshan
to drive, extract
lai khestin
to throw oft', throw on, hit, put, put on
lai kirdin
to put on, imitate, load up
lai kirdinawa
to pick oft"
lai kotin
to attack, fall on evil
days,
be
overtaken
by, digress, lai khurin
to beat, to urge
lai fchwardin
to nibble, erode, corrode, to fit
lai man
to be left over
Si lai nan lai paranawa
to cook, to load to entreat
lai rezhan
to overflow
lai stanin
to deprive, confiscate
lai westan
to await, wait for
lai zanln
to impute, to blame
(4) rra aparmOn
bwardin, bûrdin
rra chinin
to trust
to elapse, pass by
to starts (jump)
rra chun
to leak, to go out
rra dan
to carry oft",
sweep
away,
clefeat
utterly,
incline to, push aside, rra farrin
to shy.
rra gêanin
to make ready, prepare
rra girtin
to harbour, strengthen, engage, appoint
rra hatin
to be habituated, tamed
rra helan
to extend
rra henan
to train, tame
rra hishtin
to let down
rra keshan
to drag, lead, haul, lay out (a rope), to down.
rra khestin
. rra kirdin
to spread out
to flee, desert, run, escape
rra kotin
to stretch oneself
rra malln
to sweep a-yvay
rra
to hesitate, pause
man
rra pechan
out
to iibduct, to take quickly
lie
195
rra rrifanin
to put to flight
rra shalaqanin
to shake (a churn)
rra westan
to stop, halt, stand
rra -wushanin
to sow, scatter, shake (a tree), to wave
(5)
tai alanin tai alln
tai.
to undertake
to envelop, surround, surround closely
tai biranawa
to be used up
tai birdin
to assimilate, digest
tai birrin
to look sideways, to bore a hole
tai chun
tai dan >tai fikrln tai gêanin , tai geshtin
to enter in, to soak in, to pierce to add a piece to, to join together to examine, scrutinize, ponder, imagine to expound, explain to understand, realise
tai gîranin
to fix
tai girtin
to fire, throw, cover up
tai gwastinawa
to change fropi one place to another
tai honin
to interweave
tai jiiin
to mince, cut up small
tai khestin
to fill, put aside, imbue
tai khizanin
to crowd,
tai kirdin
to pour out, inculcate
tai kotin
to fall
huddle
into,
bathe in cold water, lose in
gambling
tai mizhin
to suck in and spit out again
tai nan
to put into, insert
tai nishtin
to sit in
tai qultanin
to intrude
tai shikan
to be defeated
tai tirinjan
to become jammed
tai wushanin
to shake out (fleas) (6)
taik.
taik birdin
to mesh together,
taik chawin
to curl up
taik chespanin
to make a joint
taik chespin
to butt
taik chun
to be destroyed
taik dan
to destroy
-
196
taik kutan
to be pulverized (as of a body)
taik pchrrin
to come apart, sunder, part
taik pechan
to take away ciuickly by force
taik pilishanin
to crowd
(7) wer cherikhin
to turn round
wer garran
to turn
wer garranin *wer girtin' wer kirdin .»vver kotin
to turn down to take from, obtain to scatter
to go to sleep '
(8)
der bun
der.
to burst, open oiit
der chiin
to go out, elude
der dan
to clean out (a well), emit
der hatin
to emerge
der henan
to let out of,
der keshan
to extract, extricate
der khestin
to discover
cler kirdin
to expel, to discharge
to take out
der kotin
to emerge, come in sight, happen
der fiirrln
to protrude, flee out
(9) pewa bun . pewa chanin
pewa.
to be entrapped to sow seed
by dropping
from the
hand
with a circular motion pewa chCin dan
to go through to stick bread against the oven wall, close
together, to bite, to sling pewa girtin
to screen, to put against one another
pewa hatin
to come together, harmonise, with
pewa henan
to convene
pewa kotin
to fall together
pewa
to fire a gun
nan
come
along
197
{10) pai chûn
pai geshtin
pai.
to elapse
.
,
u
to overtake, to have become ripe, to have access to
pai hatin pai kokIn
pai wutin
to accompany
to' cough in warning to name, appellate
ill) paik gêanin .paik geshtin paik girtin paik hasinawa
paik hatin
paik.
to assemble (trans) to meet
to fold (the hands) to be glad in meeting
to be
accomplished or
consummated,
to
be a success (of work), to turn out well paik henan
to succeed
paik qablanin
to exchange
S.G.P.Bd....l.S7
*
f5\
>'
,
6";^A/'
0^
/^>6^'>-viw»av
^ f^ jt^
FCL
,4v^|l;,u^. . ^-
.
,-vvi-«<«-.
,A.U-<^,^
y
.-^^-^ ^'"^
^ v^^
^
1
^'^'^ i^*
%l^ \
^
b
^
5^:'
I 1 "T
<