Transcript
FACTS: Flexible AC Transmis ransmission sion System Presented by: VAIDEHI SUTHAR-2011UEE1477 PRIYA SOGANI-2011UEE KULDEEP THAKURIYA-2011UEE SAMYAK DUBEY-2011UEE ARPITA AGRAWAL-2011UEE1686 HEMANT AGARWAL-2011UEE
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series S eries controller controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series S eries controller controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
POWER SYSTEM
Characteristics of Transmission Bottlenecks • Steady-State Power Transfer Limit • Voltage Stability Limit • Transient Stability Limit • Thermal Limit • Short-Circuit Current Limit
Conventional System Solutions to enhance Transmission capability • Series Capacitors (X) • Switched Shunt-Capacitor and Reactor (V) • Transformer LTC’s (V)
• Phase Shifting Transformers ( δ) • Synchronous Condensers (V)
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
F lexible Alternating C urrent T ransmission S ystems (FACTS) FACTS: AC transmission systems incorporating the power electronic-based to enhance controllability and increase power transfer capability. FACTS Controllers: A power electronic based system & other static equipment that provide control of one or more AC transmission parameters.
Power Electronics Devices For FACTS Controllers Line-Commutated • Thyristors • Electrically Triggered (ETT) • Light Triggered (LTT)
Self-Commutated • Gate-Turn Off Thyristors (GTO) • Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) • Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCTs)
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
FACTS CONTROLLERS LINE COMMUTATED Series thyristor contro lled series capacitor (TCSC)
Back-to-back conventional HVDC
Shunt thyristor controlled reactor o r switched capacitor (TCR or TSC) Series-series interline power flow controller (IPFC)
FORCED COMMUTATED Series static synchronous series compensator (SSSC)
Shunt static synchronous compensator (STATCOM)
Shunt-Series unified power flow controller (UPFC)
Series-series interline power flow controller (IPFC)
Battery energy storage (BESS)
Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
Controllable parameters Control of the line impedance current and active power control Control of angle current and active power control Series voltage injection Current, active, and reactive power control Parallel voltage injection Current, active, and reactive power control
SERIES CONTROL
PARALLEL CONTROL
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
Static VAR compensator • TCR = Thyristor Controlled Reactor • TSR = Thyristor Switched Reactor
• TSC = Thyristor Switched Capacitor • MSC = Mechanically-Switched Capacitor • MSR = Mechanically-Switched Reactor • FC = Fixed Capacitor • Harmonic Filters
Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR) Parallel-connected static var generator or absorber ● Output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or
inductive current ● Maintain or control specific parameters of the
electrical power system (typically bus voltage). ● Thyristor-based Controllers
Lower cost alternative to STATCOM
Thyristor Switched Capacitor (TSC)
Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) ● Parallel-connected static var compensator ● Capacitive or inductive output current
controlled independently of the ac system voltage
Parallel Active Power Filters (Parallel APF) • Reactive power • Compensation • Source current’s higher • Harmonics compensation
• DC element voltage control
Shunt active power filter single line diagram
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
Series Capacitors Applied For: Increasing Power Transfer Increasing Stability Limits Improving Voltage Profile Improving Load Division
Series Active Power filter (Series APF) • Voltage harmonics compensation • Stability improvement • Current harmonics blocking
Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC) ● Output voltages in quadrature with, and
controllable independently of, the line current ● Control the transmitted electric power. ● May include energy storage to enhance the
dynamic behavior of the power system by additional temporary real power
compensation, to increase or decrease momentarily, the overall real (resistive) voltage drop across the line.
Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) ● Smooth control of series capacitive
reactance
FACTS 1. POWER SYSTEMS
2. FACTS definition 3. FACTS controllers 4. Parallel controllers 5. Series controller 6. Series-parallel controllers 7. HVDC
Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) ● A combination of STATCOM and SSSC coupled via a common dc link ● Bi-directional flow of real power between the SSSC and the STATCOM
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) • Source current harmonics compensation • System stability improvement • Reactive power compensation • Voltage harmonics compensation
FACTS OR HVDC HVDC is economically attractive: • over a long distance from a remote generating to the load Centre (>300 miles) • underwater transmission • when connecting two AC systems at two different frequencies
