Political Leadership Structure

Transcript

P I H S R E D A LE S E R U  T C U S TR 1. POLITICAL 2. AUTHORITY AND ORGANIZATION LEGITIMACY  A. BANDS A. AUTHORIY VIS-À-VIS VIS-À-VIS B. TRIBES LEGITIMACY  C. CHIEFDOMS B. TYPES OF LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY  D. STATES • • • TRADITIONAL CHARISMATIC RATIONAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION Bands and Tribes Bands and !"#$s a!$ %&ns"d$!$d as '$ s"()*$s )&*""%a* s+s$(s. T'$+ a!$ &,$n )$!%$"$d & #$ “acephalous” &! "'&/ a $**-d$0n$d s+s$( &, *$ad$!s'").  BAND A band  is  is typically formed by several families living together based on marriage ties, common descendants, friendship aliations, aliations, and members usually have a common interest, or enemy. Thus, the main source of integration is kinship either blood or anity. The power structure within a  band is less hierarchical hierarchical as member There is evidence that women  have higher in"uence in bands that are considered pedestrian#foragers gatherers!, while men tend to end  up having more leadership roles in  bands whose livelihoods depend on  hunting, or in pastoralist#agricultural  bands where food is produced by cultivating the land. $nformal leadership is accorded to members who possess certain skills and knowledge such as the gift of memory, hunting or  healing skills, or or those other special special ability. %or e&le, being a gifted speaker can elevate a band member to the status of being an informal leader. $n any event, accession to the status of informal leadership is reached  by consensus consensus rather than by a formal formal process of election. The small si'e of band enables this relatively informal process. An informal As the bands increase in si'e, the tendency for con"ict increases, which lead to the band splitting along family lines. This process is known as )band *ssioning+.. ventually, this could lead to *ssioning+ some leaving the band to form their own, which is referred as )social velocity+. vidence suggests that while food scarcity can be a trigger for con"ict, con"ict, what usually usually leads to *ssioning and eventual break#up is the presence of social discord that the informal leadership could  no longer contain. At present, INUIT Es"(&3 Dobe Jo/hoansi (!KUNG)  TRIBE A band that survives *ssioning and social  velocity, even as it e&periences increasing increasing  population and a shift from a foraging and hunting hunting community, to one where there $ now a presence of multiple communities engaged in pastoral or  horticultural forms of livelihood, livelihood, eventually becomes becomes a tribe . A tribe is still considered an acephalous  political system, system, even if it is more more comple& than a The manner by which tribes are organi'ed is through the presence of  pantribal associations, associations, or what what anthropologists anthropologists refer to as sodalites. These come in the form of councils of tribal leaders. $t was noticed that the emergence of more comple& ways of organi'ing a tribe eventually led to the eventual displacement of women leaders. Tribe are often  headed by a village village  headman, even though though such a role does not  have absolute political political  power. A village village  headman derives his his authority from having a senior position, coupled with an ability to force others to obey him. H$ad(an &, '$ "**a4$ &, R/s"!an"  5/a!" -ost tribes remain egalitarian, where families and groups are considered  politically and economically economically equal, even those of headmen. Tribes are also seen economically self#sucient and are larger and more integrated than bands. owever, contact with modern societies led to eventual collapse of tribal systems as tribes were unable to SAMBIA CHIEFDO A chiefdom is de*ned as a political organi'ation that more de*ned. $t is a form of hierarchical organi'ation in non# industrial societies usually based on kinship, and in which formal leadership is monopoli'ed by the legitimate senior members of select families or 0houses0. These elites form a  political#ideological aristocracy relative to the general group. A chiefdom is led by a highly ranked incumbent of an inherited political role, chief1 chiefs lead because of their ascribed status, not their achieved status. SIMPLE CHIEFDOM $t is characteri'ed by a central village or community ruled by a single family. A number of smaller communities commun ities surround this smaller community, with each being headed by a subsidiary leader subservient to the central ruler. COMPLE6 CHIEFDOM $t is composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled  by a single paramount paramount chief residing in a single  paramount center. center. This is a highly highly structured and  hierarchical political system characteri'ed by by a class system where the elites demand tributes in the form of agricultural crops and produce from the commoner to a system that is called )tributary system+. 2esser chief are then obliged to give tribute to the  paramount chief. $n return, the paramount paramount chief carries out rituals and performs functions over which he has sole authority, such as the conduct of symbolic  redistribution of material goods, goods, and the awarding of titles and other symbolic rewards. 3esearch shows that chiefdoms are highly unstable and are prone to cycles of disintegration and integration.  TROBIANDER  TROBIANDER  OF "A"UA "A"UA NE# GUINEA GUINEA NATION AND TATE The advent of modernity has made the process of consolidating dierent individuals into one  political community community more dicult and and comple&. The e&pansion of chiefdoms was punctuated by their collapse. 4ut of the breakdown breakdown of political organi'ations, what emerged was the presence of groups of people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits and ethnicity. Benedi$% Anderson $onsiders a na%ion as &IAGINED' 5enedict Anderson considers a  nation as )$-A6$7(+ in the sense sense that nations can e&ist as a state of mind, where the material e&pressions seen in actual residence in a  physical territory becomes becomes secondary to the common imagined connections emanating from a common history and identity. Thus even if people may be scattered in dierent places, "a Ja*es $onsiders a na%ion as &ABTRACT'  8aul 9ames considers a nation as )A5ST3A:T+. e argues that a nation is ob;ectively impersonal even if each individual is able to identify with others. This argument  however may not be true for %ilipinos, as %ilipino identify strongly with other %ilipinos. NATION A nation, despite its being  historically constituted and having a common sense of identi*cation among its members, as well as the consciousness of having thee potential to be autonomous, nevertheless do not  possess political sovereignty. As such, it remains a political entity that does  not possess the status of being  recogni'ed as an independent political entity. STATE A state is apolitical  unit consisting of of a government government that has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well#de*ned territory and is thus the NATION+TATE 7'$n '$ %""8$ns &, a sa$ #$*&n4 & &n*+ &n$ na"&n9 s/%' owever, the reality is that there are many states that govern peoples who  have dierent cultural identities identities and who are conscious of their being distinct. Thus they become nations within states. This become a problem when these nations are treated  unequally, and where a dominant group $t can also be argued that the -oros in -indanao are technically considered as a  nation within the 8hilippine state since they have a distinct cultural identity and  history. ence, clearly the 8hilippines could not be consider as a nation#estate. NATION AND STATEZ 1. The elements of State and Nation are dierent: The State has four elements—population, territory, government, and sovereignty. In the absene of even one element, a State annot be really a State. ! state is al"ays haraterise by all these four elements. #n the ontrary, ontrary, a nation is a group of people "ho have a strong sense of unity and ommon onsiousness. $ommon territory, territory, ommon rae, ommon religion, ommon language, ommon history, history, ommon ulture and ommon politial aspirations are the elements "hih help the formation of a nation, and yet none of these is an absolutely essential element. The elements "hih go to build a nation %eep on hanging. &. State is a 'olitial #rgani(ation "hile Nation is a soial, ultural, psyhologial, emotional and politial unity: The State is a politial organi(ation "hih ful)lls the seurity and "elfare needs of its people. It is onerned "ith e*ternal human ations. It is a legal entity. #n the other hand, a Nation is a united unit of population "hih is full of emotional, spiritual and psyhologial bonds. ! nation has little to do "ith the physial needs of the people. +. 'ossession of a e)nite Territory Territory is essential for the State but not for a Nation: It is essential for eah State to possess a )*ed territory. It is the physial element of the State. State is a territorial entity. entity. -ut for a nation territory is not an essential reuirement. ! nation an survive even "ithout a )*ed territory. /ove of a ommon motherland ats as a soure of unity. 0or e*ample, before 123 the 4e"s "ere a nation even though they had no )*ed territory of their o"n. 5hen, in 123, they seured a de)nite and de)ned territory, territory, they established the State of Israel. 2. Sovereignty is essential for State but not for Nation: Sovereignty is an essential element of the State. It is the soul of the State. In the absene of sovereignty, sovereignty, the State loses its e*istene. It is the element of sovereignty "hih ma%es the state dierent from all other assoiations of the people. It is not essential for a nation to possess sovereignty. sovereignty. The basi reuirement of a nation is the strong bonds of emotional unity among its people "hih develop due to several ommon soial ultural elements. -efore 126, India "as a nation but not a State beause it did not have sovereignty. 7State 8 Nation 9 Sovereignty.  !fter her independene independene in 126, India beame a State beause after the end of -ritish imperial rule it beame a sovereign entity. ;o"ever, eah nation al"ays aspires to be sovereign and independent of the ontrol of every other nation. <. Nation an be "ider than the State: The State is limited to a )*ed territory. Its boundaries an inrease or derease but the proess of hange is al"ays very omple*. ;o"ever a nation may or may not remain "ithin the bounds of a )*ed territory. Nation is a ommunity based on ommon ethniity, history and traditions and aspirations. #bviously its boundaries an easily e*tend beyond the boundaries of the State. 0or e*ample in a "ay the 0renh nation e*tends even to -elgium, S"it(erland and Italy beause people in these ountries belong to the same rae to "hih the 0renh laim to belong. =. There an be t"o or more Nationalities living in one State: There an be t"o or more than t"o nations  "ithin a single single State. State. -efore the the 0irst 5orld 5orld  5ar  5ar,, !ustria and ;ungary ;ungary "ere "ere one State, State, but t"o dierent nations. >ost of the modern states are multinational states. 6. Nation is more stable than State:  ! nation is more stable than the State. 5hen sovereignty ends, the State dies, but not the nation. ! nation an survive even "ithout sovereignty. 0or e*ample, after their defeat in the 5orld 5ar II, both ?ermany and  4apan lost their sovereign sovereign statuses and outside outside po"ers began to ontrol them. They eased to e*ist as States. -ut as nations they ontinued to live as nations, "hih after some months regained their sovereign statuses and beame sovereign independent states. 3. ! State an be reated "hile a Nation is al"ays the result of evolution:  ! State an be reated "ith the onsious endeavors of the people. 'hysial elements play an important role in the birth of a State. 0or e*ample, after the Seond 5orld 5ar, ?ermany got divided into t"o separate states 5est ?ermany and @ast ?ermany ? ermany.. -ut ?ermans remained emotionally as one nation. Altimately in #t., 1B the ?ermans again got united into a single state. In 126 'a%istan "as reated out of India as a separate State. ! nation is a unity of the people "hih emerges slo"ly and steadily. steadily. No speial eorts go into the ma%ing of a nation. . The State uses polie po"er 7fore for preserving its unity and integrity, the Nation is bound by strong ultural and historial lin%s: State has polie po"er. Those "ho dare to disobey it are punished by the state. ! nation does not have polie po"er or fore or oerive po"er. It is ba%ed by moral, emotional and spiritual po"er. ! nation survives on the po"er of sense of unity of the people. ! nation appeals, the State ordersC a nation persuades, a States oeresC and a nation boyotts, the State punishes. State is a politial organi(ation, "hile the nation is a unity. unity. State and nation do not have the same boundaries, and yet there is a tendeny for a nation and state to be one. >ost of the nations today stand organi(ed into dierent states. >ost of the modern States are multinational States. The modern state is alled a nationDstate nationDstat e beause all the 7nationalities living in one state stand integrated into one nation.  ! state ontinuously pursues the obEetive of nationalD integration. The State tries to seure this obEetive by seuring a "illing blending of the maEority nationality and all the minority nationalities, through olletive living, sharing of all the ups and the do"ns in ommon and development of strong emotional, spiritual and psyhologial bonds. Anity in diversity di versity or more really, really, unity in plurality stands aepted as the guiding priniple by all the modern ivili(ed multinational states li%e India, AS!, Fussia, $hina, -ritain and others. AND AUTHORITY   The %as, o- or.aniin. a 0oi%i$a $o**ni%1 re2ires re2ires %he %he e3is%en$e o- eaders4 5eaders6 in order %o be e7e$%i8e6 need %o 0ossess a%hori%1 %ha% is $onsidered e.i%i*a%e b1 %he *e*bers *e*ber s o- %he $o**ni%1 $o**ni%144 AUTHORITY VIS- -VIS LEGITIMACY  AUTHORIT9+is %he 0o:er %o *a,e bindin. de$isions and isse $o**ands4 I% is ne$essar1 -or a eader %o 0ossess a%hori%14 #ha% *a,es a%hori%1 bindin. and :or%h1 o- obedien$e is i%s e.i%i*a$1 e.i%i*a$ 14 5EGITIAC9+ 5EGITIAC9+ is a *ora and e%hi$a $on$e0% %ha% bes%o:s one :ho 0ossesses 0o:er %he ri.h% %o e3er$ise e3er$ise s$h 0o:er sin$e s$h is 0er$ei8ed %o be  ;s%i9 &! '$ )&ss$ss"&n &, =4!a"as> &! an a/'&!"+ d$!"$d ,!&( a ='"4'$! )&$!>9 s/%' as '&s$ 'a a!$ ass&%"a$d "' '$ !"4' &, ?"n4s. T'$ )&ss$ss"&n &, '"s %'a!"s(a $na#*$s &n$ & #$ a%%&!d$d a/'&!"+ d$s)"$ &, '$ a#s$n%$ &, %/*/!a* &! $$n *$4a* ;/s"0%a"&n. In s&($ "nsan%$s9 %'a!"s(a"% a/'&!"+ $$n "s a#*$ & n$4a$ '$ sanda!ds )!&"d$d #+ %/*/!$ and !ad""&n9 &! #+ *as. R$*"4"&/s *$ad$!s9 &! $$n )&)/*a! "%&ns s/%' as (&"$ a%&!s9 a!$ $