The History And Philosophy Of Astronomy Lecture 14: Newton. Presentation

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Astronomy 350L (Fall 2006) The History and Philosophy Read Free For 30 Days of Astronomy (Lecture 14: Newton)  DISCOVERVolker NEW BOOKS Bromm  READ EVERYWHERE Instructor: TA: Jarrett Johnson  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS The University of Texas at Austin Isaac Newton: Founding Father of Physics • 1642 (Woolsthorpe) – 1727 (London) Free For 30 Days Mathematica  • Principia Read Philosophiae Naturalis  (“Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”, 1687) - un univ iver ersa sall grav gravit ity y (inverse-square law)  DISCOVER-NEW BOOKS  READsEVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS three thr ee law laws of moti of motion on • in inve vent nted ed cal calcu culu lus s (differentiation and integration) Newton: Timeline and Context Read Free For 30 Days Descartes  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • bui buildin lding g upon Galil Galileo, eo, Kepler Kepler,, and Descart Descartes es • com comple pletes tes Cope Coperni rnican can Revo Revolut lution ion!! Newton: Geography of his Life Read Free For 30 Days ND  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS 1642: Birth in Woolstho Woolsthorpe rpe Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • bo born rn in in rura rurall Linco Lincoln lnsh shire ire • father died before his birth (‘posthumous child’) 1642 164 2 – 49: The En Engli glish sh Civ Civil il War War Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • bit bitter ter strugg struggle le between between King King (Charl (Charles es I Stuart Stuart)) and an d Pa Parli rliame ament nt (“C (“Cav aval alier iers” s” vs “Ro “Roun undhe dheads ads”) ”) • King desir desires es to rule with without out Parlia Parliament ment 1649: Execution of the King Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE • Kin King g Charl Charles es I (Stua (Stuart) rt) behe beheaded aded  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS 1642 164 2 – 49: The En Engli glish sh Civ Civil il War War • Vi Vict ctor ory y for for Pa Parli rliame ament nt • Re Repub public lic (“Co (“Commo mmonwe nwealt alth”) h”) Read Free For 30 Days • Ol Oliv iver er Cr Crom omwe wellll (1599-1658) - Lo Lord rd Pr Prot otec ecto torr • An Anarc archy hy af afte terr his his dea death th  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Ar Army my re reca calllls s son son of former (executed) king from exile 1660: The Restoration Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Retu Return rn of of the the Stuart Stuarts: s: Char Charles les II (son of behead king) London Coffee-House Culture Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • New venue venue for meet meetings ings of intel intellect lectual uals s The Royal Society of London Gresham College Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • fou founded nded 1660: 1660: instit instituti ution on to foster foster exchan exchange ge of scientific knowledge Philosophical Philosoph ical Transactions • pu publi blishe shed d by Roya Royall Soci Society ety • fi firs rstt scie scient ntif ific ic jou journa rnall Read Free For 30 Days • a publ public ic re regi gist stry ry of new new scientific ideas • pr prof ofes essi sion onal aliz izat atio ion n of sc scie ienc nce e  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS 1661: Newton enters Cambridge University Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE • one of of oldest oldest unive universi rsitie ties s in the the world world  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS 1661: Newton admitted to Trinity College Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • ad admi mitt tted ed as “s “sub ubsi siza zar” r” (ha (has s to to per perfo form rm me meni nial al duties for older or richer students) Student in Cambridge (1661-65) • St Stud udy y Des Desca cart rtes es’’ mechanical philosophy! Read Free For 30 Days • Principia Philosophiae  (1644) • No vac vacuu uum, m, no no atom atoms! s! • Fo Forc rce e by di dire rect ct con conta tact ct (pressure and tension)  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Student in Cambridge (1661-65) • St Stud udy y all all the the math mathem emati atics cs that there is to know! Read Free For 30 Days • John Wallis Arithmetica  Infinitorum (1656): - pre prede deces cessor sor of in integ tegral ral calculus - int introd roduc uces es symb symbol ol fo forr infinity (         8)  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS John Wallis, 1616-1703  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS 1665: The Great Plague Read Free For 30 Days ~100,000 dead in London  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS 1666: The Great Fire of London Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Christopher Wren: England’s England’s Greatest Architect • 1632 – 172 3 • Re Rebu buil iltt Lond London on aft after er Read Free For 30 Days Great Fire of 1666 • > 50 50 new new chu churc rche hes s • St Pau Paul’l’s s Cath Cathed edra rall  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Savilian pro roffessor of astronomy at Oxford Wren: Rebuilding London Read Free For 30 Days • St Pa Paul ul’s ’s Cat Cathe hedr dral al  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Newton Newto n during during Plagu Plague e Year: Year: Annu Annus s Mirab Mirabilis ilis • Return to Woolsthorpe • 3 GRead reFree at ForD30isDays coveries: - Calculus - Na Natu ture re of Li Ligh ghtt READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Univ iver ersa sall Gra Gravi vity ty “The Miraculous Year” DISCOVER NEW BOOKS - Un (1665-66) Annus An nus Mir Mirabi abilis lis I: Cal Calcul culus us Differentiation Integration Read Free For 30 Days y x  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • ind indepen ependen dently tly discov discovered ered by Leibni Leibniz z in Germany Germany (giving rise to ugly priority dispute later on…) Annu An nus s Mi Mira rabi bili lis s II: Opti Optics cs Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • whi white te light light is compos composed ed of differ different ent color colors! s! Annu An nus s Mir Mirabi abilis lis III: III: Univer Universal sal Gravi Gravity ty Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Ne Newt wton on ask asks: s: Wh What at if th the e same force (gravity) causes fall of apple and keeps Moon in orbit around Earth??? Annu An nus s Mir Mirabi abilis lis III: III: Univer Universal sal Gravi Gravity ty F~v2/r v Read Free For 30 Days Centripetal force r  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Moon is constant constantly ly falling falling toward toward Earth (as (as is apple)! Annu An nus s Mir Mirabi abilis lis III: III: Univer Universal sal Gravi Gravity ty Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Ear Earth’s th’s grav gravita itation tional al pull pull is ~ 1/3600 1/3600 weake weakerr at location of Moon compared to surface (apple)! Annu An nus s Mir Mirabi abilis lis III: III: Univer Universal sal Gravi Gravity ty Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Int Intuit uitive ive natu nature re of invers inverse-sq e-square uare law! law! (compare to dilution of light over growing surface) Newton’s Return to Cambridge • 16 1669 69:: Luc Lucas asian ian Pr Prof ofes esso sorr fo forr Ma Math them emati atics cs Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS Isaac Barrow: 1st Lu Luca casi sian an Pr Prof ofess essor or  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Stephen Hawking: 17th Lu Luca casi sian an Pr Prof ofes esso sorr Newton’s Return to Cambridge • 167 1671: 1: Design Design for for new (reflec (reflectin ting) g) telesc telescope ope Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • earn earns s him members membership hip (as fell fellow) ow) in Royal Royal Socie Society ty En Route to the Principia • Newton was very reluctant to publish! • Edm dmon ond d Ha Hallle ley y (1656-1742) Read Free For 30 Days • member of Royal Society • Ha Hallle ley’ y’s s Com Comet et • fi firs rstt astr astrono onomer mer to to obser observe ve Southern Sky (from St Helena)  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Co Conv nvin ince ced d New Newto ton n to to publish Principia  Newton’s Principia (1687) • Philosophiae Naturalis  Principia  Mathematica  Read Free For 30 Days (Mathematical (Mathemat ical Principles of Natural Philosophy • Cha Challlleng enges es Des Desca cart rtes es’’ Principia Philosophiae (1644  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS - De Desca scart rtes: es: qua qualit litati ative ve - Newt Newton: on: quan quantitat titative, ive, pred predicti icti • The foundational text for Newton’s Principia: Overall Structure Book 1: Basic Laws Read Free For 30 Days Book 2: Demolition of Cartesian System Book 3: System of the World (applications)  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 1: Basic Laws • Sc Scho holilium um:: Ab Abso solu lute te Sp Spac ace e an and d Tim Time e “Absolute space…without relation to anything Read Free For 30 Days external, remains always similar and immovable” “Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself,… flows equably without relation to anything external ”  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE • Pa Pass ssiv ive e sta stage ge fo forr al all mot motio ion n  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 1: Basic Laws • Ne Newt wton on’s ’s bu buck cket et experiment Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 1: Basic Laws • Newton’s 1st Law of Motion: Read Free For 30 Days • Law of of inerti inertia a (Galil (Galileo, eo, Desc Descart artes) es)  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Sta State te of rest rest and unifo uniform rm motion motion are equiv equivalen alentt (relative to observer) Principia Book 1: Basic Laws • Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion: Force = mass x acceleration Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Sam Same e force force (F) exer exerted ted on on a larger larger mass mass (m) (m) produces a correspondingly smaller acceleration (a) Principia Book 1: Basic Laws • Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion: Force = Counter-force Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 1: Basic Laws • Newton’s Law of Gravity: Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Gravi Gravity ty is is universal universal and follows follows inverse inverse-square -square law! Principia Book 2: Demolish Descartes Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • New Newton ton prov proves es mat mathema hematic ticall ally: y: - De Desc scar arte tes’ s’ vor orte tex x mot motio ion n can canno nott be be sus susta tain ined ed!! - it wo woul uld d soo soon n sto stop p bec becau ause se of fr fric icti tion on (objects have to move through `plenum’) Principia Book 3: New System of the World Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS • Newt Newton’s on’s law laws s  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS celest cel estial ial mot motions ions (ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, circle) Principia Book 3: New System of the World • Ne New wton on’s ’s laws (gravity + laws of motion) Kepler’s Th Thre ree e Law aws s of Planetary Motion Read Free For 30 Days Kepler 2 Kepler 1  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE Kepler 3  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 3: New System of the World Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS • New Newton ton’s ’s la laws ws  READ EVERYWHERE ocea oc ean n ti tides des!!  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 3: New System of the World Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • comets move on highly highly eccent eccentric ric orbits around Sun! Halley’s Comet 1986 19 86:: Giott Giotto o mi miss ssio ion n Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE • Nex Nextt retu return rn sched scheduled uled for 206 2061! 1!  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Principia Book 3: New System of the World “void” Read Free For 30 Days stars  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • stoic univers universe e (infinite (infinite space, space, finite finite matter) is unstable! unstable! Principia Book 3: New System of the World Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • Need Epicurean univers universe e (infinite (infinite space, infinit infinite e matter)! matter)! The Infinite Universe: Letters to Bentley (1692-93) • Ri Rich chard ard Bent Bentle ley y (1662(1662-174 1742) 2) • er erud udit ite e theo thRead eolo logi gian an Free For 30 Days • le lect cture ured d on on how how to to com combat bat atheism • bas basic ic idea idea:: God God’s ’s per perfec fectio tion n requires infinite universe  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • do doubl ublee-che check ck wit with h Newto Newton n on technical details Newton permanently moves to London • 1696-1727 • “a “aff ffai airs rs of of stat state” e”:: Read Free For 30 Days - me memb mber er of Par Parliliame ament nt - ma mast ster er of the the Ro Royal yal Min Mintt (oversees large-scale re-coinage program; becomes very rich) • Pr Pres esid ident ent of the the Roy Royal al Soc Soc..  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS • st stop ops s doi doing ng sc scien ience ce!! Journey’s End: Death in 1727 Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE • bu buri ried ed in Wes Westm tmin inst ster er Abbe Abbey y  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS Newton: The Legend “Nature and Nature’s Laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! And all was Light .” .” (Alexander Pope) Read Free For 30 Days “Newton with his prism and silent face, The marble index of a mind for ever Voyaging through strange seas of Thought, alone.”  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS (William Wordsworth) Newton: The Legend Read Free For 30 Days  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS (William Blake, 1795) • cold, unfeeli unfeeling ng rationali rationalist st and and law-giver, law-giver, a demigod demigod Newton • Is Isaa aac c New Newto ton: n: - fou founder nder of of modern modern physi physics cs and and astronom astronomy y - earl early y life: led reclusi reclusive ve anti-soc anti-social ial life in Cambri Cambridge dge - late laterr life: tended tended to affai affairs-o rs-of-sta f-state te in London London (master of the Mint) Read Free For 30 Days • Principia - foun foundati dational onal text text for modern modern physics physics and astron astronomy omy - la laws ws of mo moti tion on - univ universa ersall gravity gravity (invers (inverse-sq e-square uare law) law) - de demol molish ished ed Carte Cartesia sian n model model  DISCOVER NEW BOOKS  READ EVERYWHERE  BUILD YOUR DIGITAL READING LISTS - exp explains lains large large number numb er of hitherto hitherto unrelate unrelated d phenomena phenomena within one unified theoretical framework • The Le Lege gen nd: - “th “the e marble marble index index of the mind mind for for ever…” ever…”