Transcript
Grammar reference Starter Unit
Pasado simple y pasado continuo
Presente simple y presente continuo
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simple para hablar de Se utiliza el presente simple para hechos, hábitos y rutinas.
I akes abou wo hours o fly from London o Madrid. Se ardan unas dos horas en avión de Londres a Madrid. We go o Cornwall on holiday every summer. Todos los veranos vamos de vacaciones a Cornualles. •
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Normalmente no se utilizan en presente continuo verbos relacionados con el pensamiento, las opiniones, los sentimientos y las emociones; like,, love love,, think , remember , por ejemplo: like believe,, know , mean believe mean,, imagine imagine,, want , prefer .
I really like her. I’m really liking her. Ella me gusa mucho. Ella me esá gusando mucho. Do you know wha you wan for lunch? Are you knowing wha you wan for lunch? ¿Sabes qué quieres quieres para comer? ¿Esás sabiendo qué quieres para para comer? •
Cuando se utiliza el verbo think para para hablar de una acción, se puede utilizar en la forma continua.
You look sad. Wha are you hinking h inking abou? Pareces rise. ¿En qué esás pensando?
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Grammar reference
continuo para hablar de acciones en Se utiliza el pasado continuo para curso en un momento concreto del pasado.
A eigh o’clock, I was waiing for he rain. A las ocho esaba esperando el ren. •
continuo junto a when y También se utiliza el pasado continuo junto while para describir la situación durante la que sucede algo.
When we arrived, Granddad was sleeping on he sofa. Cuando llegamos, el abuelo esaba durmiendo en el sofá. While we were geting ready o go ou, i sared raining. Cuando nos esábamos es ábamos preparando para salir, empezó a llover. Presente perfecto y pasado simple •
simple para hablar de acciones y Se utiliza el pasado simple para experiencias que tuvieron lugar en un período de tiempo ya terminado.
In 2009, my litle siser was born. En 2009 nació mi hermana pequeña. •
perfecto para hablar de experiencias Se utiliza el presente perfecto para y hechos del pasado que tuvieron lugar en un período de tiempo que no ha terminado.
She’s bough a lo of new clohes his year year.. Ese año se ha comprado mucha ropa nueva. •
perfecto cuando el También se utiliza el presente perfecto cuando momento exacto de una acción del pasado no se menciona o no tiene importancia.
You’ve lef he ligh on in your room. Te has dejado la luz de la habiación encendida.
Presente perfecto con ever, never, for y since. •
ever justo A menudo se utiliza ever justo después después del sujeto sujeto en preguntas en presente perfecto sobre la vida de alguien.
Has she ever helped you wih your homework? ¿Te ha ayudado alguna vez con los deberes? ¿Te •
El verbo de emoción enjoy es una excepción: se puede utilizar con la forma continua.
Are you enjoying he pary? ¿Tee esás diviriendo en la fiesa? ¿T •
Daniel visied Ialy wo years ago. Daniel visió Ialia hace dos años.
continuo para acciones Se utiliza el presente continuo para en curso en el momento de hablar o en un momento cercano.
He’s doing his homework righ now. Can he call you laer? Ahora mismo esá haciendo los deberes. ¿Puede llamare más arde? arde? A: How’s your baskeball eam doing his season? B: Prety well, acually – we’re winning all our maches. A: ¿Cómo le va a u equipo de balonceso esa emporada? B: ¡Pues muy bien! Esamos ganando odos los paridos.
Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de acontecimientos y acciones terminadas en el pasado.
has y el participio A menudo se utiliza never entre have / has y pasado para decir «en ningún momento».
He’s never been o New York. Nunca ha esado en Nueva York. •
since junto Se utiliza for y since junto con el presente perfecto para expresar la duración de un hecho. Se utiliza for para períodos de tiempo y since y since para para momentos concretos.
She’s lived here for seven years. Lleva viviendo aquí siee años. He’s worked here since 2007. Trabaja Trab aja aquí desde 2007.
Grammar practice Present simple and present continuous 1 Circle the correct options. 1 I don’t get / ’m not getting very good marks at school this term, but I don’t know / ’m not knowing why. 2 They go / ’re going swimming four times a week. They love / ’re loving being in water. 3 She can’t can’t speak right now now.. She drives / ’s driving . 4 It rains / ’s raining a lot here in winter, but it doesn’t rain / ’s not raining today, I’m happy to say! 5 I prefer / ’m preferring coffee to tea, tea , but, actually, I like / ’m liking hot chocolate most of all! 6 A: Rick! You don’t listen / ’re not listening to me! What do you think / are you thinking about? B: How much I enjoy / ’m enjoying this book I read / ’m reading at the moment. revising for our exams 7 We don’t revise / aren’t revising for listening to some at the moment, we listen / ’re listening to music. hating hot weather, so he ’s / 8 He hates / is hating hot ’s being happy being happy that it’s snowing today.
Past simple and past continuous 2 Complete the sentences with the past simple
or past continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1 Mathew 2 3 4
5 6
7 8
was playing
(play) in the garden (find) a gold coin. (not hear) the teacher’ teacher’ss (chat). (fish) last weekend, (catch) a large fish. (not see) the end of the (talk) on her
when he Elena question because she While we we Lisa film because she phone. They (not go) out yesterday because it (rain) all day day.. When the teacher (come) into the classroom, Joseph and Lisa fight. My computer (crash) while I (do) my project. I (try) to answer the question when my friend (shout) out the answer.
Present perfect and past simple 3 Complete the email with the present perfect
or past simple form of the verbs in brackets. Hi Ollie, How 1
were
(be) your holidays? We (go) to Portugal for two weeks. We 3 (cycle) along the coast, we 4 (swim) in the sea – it was a 5 bit cold – and we (eat) lots of delicious food! Term 6 (begin) last 7 Monday and I (start) at my new 8 school. I (not be) here very long, but I love it! Everyone 9 (be) very 10 kind to me and I (make) some 11 new friends. And I (join) the football team! I 12 (not have) any homework back, but I hope they aren’t too strict! Your friend, Lucy 2
Present perfect with ever , never , for and and since 4 Complete the mini dialogues with ever , never , and since. for and ever been to Australia? 1 A: Have you 1 B: No, but I’ve wanted to go 2 I was a child. A: Really? My aunt has lived there there 3 ten years − she loves it. 2 C: Have you 4 played the violin? D: Yes, I’ve had violin lessons 5 I was
ten. C: Really! I’ve 6
heard you play!
3 E: I’ve 7 tried yoga − is it difficult? F: Not rreally eally − I’ve done it 8 five
years. 4 G: Did you know he’s lived in nine different
countries 9 he was born? H: Really? G: Yes. His mother works for an international company and she’s 10 in the same country for more than a year year..
Grammar practice
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Grammar reference Unit 1 used to
Pasado perfecto y pasado simple
y would
afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
afirmativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
used to would
wear jeans.
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
didn’t use to wouldn’t
wear jeans.
Did
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
u se t o
wear jeans?
Yes,
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / the heyy
did.
No,
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / the heyy
didn’ n’t. t.
had.
No,
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
hadn’t.
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También se utiliza used to, pero no would , para hablar de estados y sentimientos del pasado que ahora son distintos.
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Grammar reference
Se utiliza el pasado simple para hablar de acontecimientos acontecimie ntos y acciones completadas del pasado. Cuando se utiliza junto con el pasado perfecto, normalmente es la acción más reciente de las dos.
I didn’t ask for directions because I’d been there before. No pedí indicaciones porque ya había estado allí antes.
Would
I used to like swimming but I didn’t use to like diving. Me gustaba nadar, pero no me gustaba bucear. Did you use to have a bike when you were a kid? ¿Tenías ¿T enías bicicleta, cuando eras eras pequeño?
El pasado perfecto no solo describe una cosa que pasó hace mucho tiempo, sino que se utiliza con otras formas de pasado para establecer el orden de los hechos.
Ashley didn’t get the email because I had typed Ash_55, not Ash-55. Ashley no recibió el correo porque yo había escrito Ash_55 y no Ash-55.
No se utiliza used to ni would para hablar de hechos que solo pasaron una vez ni para informar de cuantas veces tuvo lugar un hecho.
se utiliza poco en frases interrogativas o negativas. Used to funciona como un verbo normal. El verbo termina en d en en las formas del pasado, pero no en las oraciones interrogativas y negativas.
Se utiliza el pasado perfecto con otras formas de pasado para acciones o estados que tuvieron lugar antes de la acción (o estado) pasada más importante.
Jack didn’t want to come with us because he’d been there last year. Jack no quiso venir con nosotros porque ya había estado allí el año anterior. The rain had stopped when I arrived at the beach. Ya había dejado de llover cuando llegué a la playa. I’d had long hair all my life, but then, one day, decided to get it cut really short. Había llevado el pelo largo toda la vida, pero un día decidí cortármelo muy corto.
Se utiliza used to y would para hablar de hábitos y acciones del pasado que son distintos ahora.
Last year, I went to France. Last year, I used to go to France. El año pasado fui a Francia. Yesterday, I called him three times. Yesterday, I would call him three times. Ayer le llamé tres veces. •
expected it?
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
She used to have long hair, but now it’s really short. She would have long hair… Solía llevar el pelo largo, pero ahora lo lleva muy corto. •
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
Yes,
They used to go swimming on Tuesdays but now they go on Fridays. Solían ir a nadar los martes, pero ahora van los viernes. When I was a baby my parents would take me for a walk every afternoon. Cuando era pequeño mis padres me llevaban a pasear todas las tardes. •
expected it.
respuestas cortas
respuestas cortas
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hadn’t
interrogativa Had
interrogativa
expected it.
negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
negativa
had
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Las interrogaciones con pasado perfecto se forman con Had + sujeto + participio pasado.
Had you finished your homew homework ork when your friends arrived? ¿Yaa habías terminado ¿Y terminado los deberes cuando llegaron tus amigos?
Grammar practice used to and to and would
Past perfect and past simple
1 Rewrite the underlined phrases using used to or would . If both are possible, use would. If neither
3 Complete the sentences with the correct form
is possible, write .
of the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple and the past perfect in each sentence.
1 We went to the cinema every afternoon after noon when I was
1 Karen
wen had forgoten
young.
would go 2 Did you have long hair when you were young? 3 I saw the Rolling Stones once in Hyde Park. 4 Where did you live when you were at college? 5 We didn’t have a lot of money in those days. 6 They sat in coffee shops all day when they were
before we week? 3 We we 4 Hayley 5 I only 6
students. 7 She didn’t eat meat even when she was a c hild. 8 Did you go to the Isle of Wight Festival in 1980?
2 Complete the conversation with the correct form of used to or would. If both are possible, use would . did Julie: What kind of music 1 you use o like when you were younger? Dad: Oh we 2 listen to all kinds of music. Your mother and I 3 like soul and reggae. Julie: Really? 4 you go to concerts together? Dad: Oh yes, all the time! We 5 hang out with the musicians after the concerts and we 6 get home until 3 or 4 o’clock in the morning. Julie: That sounds cool! How 7 you get home? Dad: We 8 have a car, so 9 we walk all the way home hand in hand under the stars and we 10 sing all our favourite songs. Julie: That sounds romantic! Dad: It certainly was!
you
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(go) home because she (forget) her ticket. (hear) of this band (see) them last (be) late for school because (miss) the early bus. (be) upset because they (not invite) her to their party. (pass) my driving test (take) it three times. (play) with three different (become)
after I Sam bands before he famous. How many stories you (write) before you (publish) your first book? We (go) to the Thai restaurant because (not try) Thai food before. they (climb) any mountains before they (go) to Kilimanjaro? How long she (live) in Japan before she (meet) her boyfriend?
4 Complete the paragraph with the past simple
or the past perfect form of the verbs in brackets. Have you seen this photo? It’s It’s my aunt at at Glastonbury 1992. It was the first time she 1 wen (go) to a music festival. She 2 (never/go) to Glastonbury before but she 3 (always/want) 4 to go and all her friends (have) a crazy time there the year before. Anyway, Anyway, when she 5 (get) there, the whole place 6 (be) packed. She 7 (never/see) so many tents before. Then she realised she 8 (not bring) 9 her tent! Luckily, her friends (arrive) the day before and they 10 (set) up a large tent and she 11 (stay) there with them. They 12 (dance) to music all night long. It’s It’s strange − I can’t imagine her at a festival, she’s so serious nowadays! Grammar practice
87
Grammar reference Unit 2
Presente perfecto simple
Pronombres reflexivos y each other
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I you he she •
myself yourself himself herself
it we you they
I sing o myself when I’m alone. I sing o me when I’m alone. Cuando esoy solo, cano. She bough herself a sripy shir. She bough her a sripy shir. Se compró una blusa rayada.
reflexivos también • Los pronombres reflexivos también se usan para enfatizar el hecho de que alguien hizo algo solo, sin ayuda.
He didn’ buy he cake – he made ma de i himself. He’s good a baking. No compró el pasel: lo hizo él mismo. Se le da bien la paselería.
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Al utilizar algunos verbos con pronombres reflexivos cambia reflexivos cambia su significado.
Help yourself o sandwiches! (T (Take ake wha you wan or need.) Sírvee ú mismo los bocadillos. (Coge los que quieras o necesies.) He found himself in a diffi cul siuaion. (He didn’ inend o be in a diffi cul siuaion, bu he was.) Se vio en una siuación complicada. (No preendía esar en una siuación complicada, pero lo esaba.) •
Se utiliza each other cuando cuando dos sujetos (o más) hacen la acción del verbo uno al otro.
Jack and Ellie sen each oher Valenine’s cards. (Jack sen Ellie a Valenine’s card, and Ellie sen s en Jack a Valenine’s card.) Jack y Ellie se enviaron arjeas de San Valenín. (Jack (Jack le envió a Ellie una arjea y Ellie le envió a Jack una arjea.) You can see he wins really love each oher. They are always ogeher. Se ve que los gemelos se quieren mucho. Siempre esán junos.
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Grammar reference
You’ve looked a hose jeans wice. Why don’ you buy hem? Ya e has mirado esos panalones dos veces. ¿Por qué no e los compras? Ashley’s read all he books in he series. Ashley se ha leído odos los libros de la serie.
itself ourselves yourselves themselves
Se utilizan los pronombres reflexivos cuando el sujeto y el objeto de un verbo coinciden.
simple para indicar cuántas Se puede utilizar el presente perfecto simple para veces hemos hecho o cuánto hemos completado una acción.
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since,, A menudo se utilizan expresiones temporales como como since recently , this week/month, week/month, in the last year , so far , up to now , yet y today .
I haven’ wached TV much recenly recenly.. Úlimamene no he mirado mucho la elevisión. We’vee been on six We’v s ix rips wih he school in he las year. Ese año hemos ido seis veces de excursión con el colegio. •
simple para centrarse en el Se utiliza el presente perfecto simple para resultado actual de una acción.
I’ve passed all my exams! ¡He aprobado odos los exámenes! Have you finished your homework? ¿Has erminado los deberes? Presente perfecto continuo I / We / You / Th They ey He / She / It I / We / You / The Theyy negativa He / She / It Have interrogativa Has Yes, I / we / you / they respuestas cortas No, I / we /you / they afirmativa
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have have has have ha ven’ n’tt hasn’t I / we / you / they he / she / it have. haven’t.
been having lessons for ages. been sleeping very well. been having lessons? Yes, he / has. she / it No, he / hasn’t. she / it
continuo para hablar de acciones Se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo para que empezaron en el pasado, siguen en curso y se espera que continúen.
I’ve been working hard all week. Llevo rabajando duro oda la semana. She’s been blogging since las la s summer. Escribe un blog desde el verano pasado. •
continuo para expresar Se suele utilizar el presente perfecto continuo para cuánto tiempo se lleva haciendo algo.
I’ve been going o piano lessons for nine years. Llevo nueve años yendo a clases de piano. •
continuo para centrarse en la Se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo para acción en curso en vez del resultado.
We’ve been cooking for he pary all morning! We’ve ¡Nos hemos pasado oda la mañana cocinando para la fiesa! •
continuo con verbos de No se utiliza el presente perfecto continuo con like,, have y know . estado, como like
Emily’s liked him since she me him. Emily’s been liking him since she me him. A Emily le gusa desde que lo conoció.
Grammar practice Reflexive pronouns and each other 1 Complete the sentences with reflexive pronouns or each other . herself 1 Maria introduced to her new classmates. 2 I often talk to when I’m in the shower. 3 Can we help to some more cake? 4 You need to prepare for the test next week. 5 My brother hurt when he was working in the garden. 6 My friends don’t send birthday cards anymore – we send emails. 7 This cooker turns off when the clock rings. 8 My mum and dad really enjoyed at our school concert. 9 My brother and I hadn’t seen for ages. 10 My sister taught to play the saxophone. 2
Circle the correct options. Dear Lisa, me at my new dance I’m really enjoying 1 myself / me at class. Last week, we were very busy preparing 2 ourselves / us for the end-of-term performance. All us in a our parents came and watched 3ourselves / us in new dance performance. I had a solo. I have a large mirror at home so that I can see 4myself / me while I’m practising. The performance was on Saturday. it. I told My best friend took a video of 5itself / it. 6 myself / me not me not to be nervous, but it’s really difficult to stay calm − how do professional dancers keep 7 themselves / them calm? them calm? Do you think they have a them not to special technique to help 8themselves / them not be nervous? Anyway, I can send 9yourself / you some photos! Please write with your news. We haven’t seen 10 each other / ourselves for ourselves for ages − let’s meet soon! Love, Carmen
Present perfect simple 3 Complete the mini dialogues with the present
perfect form of the verbs in brackets. 1 A: How many slices of cake
eaen
B: I
2
1
have
you (eat) today? (not have) many − four!
3
you (hear) of this film? D: Of course! I think I 4 (see) it about five times. But I can watch it again!
2 C:
3 E: I
5
(play) this new computer game ten times. It’ It’ss really popular! F: Really? How many times 6 you (win) so far?
4 G: Where’s Suzie? I 7
(not see)
her today. H: I don’t know. She 8 absent for four days now now..
(be)
Present perfect continuous 4 Complete the sentences with the present
perfect continuous form of the verbs in the box. have
play
1 How long
read
3 4 5 6 7 8
take
visit
walk
study
have
you guitar lessons? You’re great! Suzanna Italian this year? Does she like it? Jack and Harry computer games in the library every Saturday. Saturday. Why you to school every day? Don’t you like the bus? I her on the phone all day but she doesn’t answer! you that new music blog? It’s great! We photos of all the buildings in our town for our website. Mel the art museum every weekend to learn about art.
been having
2
call
Grammar practice
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Grammar reference Unit 3
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be going to y formas de presente para expresar futuro afirmativa
negativa
I’m He’s She’s going to learn It’s Chinese. We’re You’re They’re interrogativa
I’m not He isn’t She isn’t It isn’t We aren’t You aren’t They aren’t
Am I Is he / she / it
going to study at university.
I don’ hink I’ll win, bu I expec I’ll finish in he op en. No creo que gane, pero espero erminar enre los diez primeros. He won’ be here a 8. He’s always lae. A las 8 no habrá llegado. Siempre llega arde. •
going to leave the city?
Se utiliza be going to para hablar de planes de futuro y de intenciones.
I’m going o go ou his weekend. Ese fin de semana voy a salir de fiesa. My broher’s going o do a phoography p hoography course nex monh. El mes que viene mi hermano hará un curso de foografía. •
Se utiliza el presente continuo para hablar de planes de futuro con una fecha o momento concretos.
My cousin and his girlfriend are geting married in July. Mi primo y su novia se s e casarán en julio. Wha are you doing his weekend? ¿Qué harás ese fin de semana? She isn’ coming o he pary. No va a venir a la fiesa. •
Se puede utilizar el presente simple para hablar de programas y calendarios en el futuro.
On Mondays and Wednesdays, we have Mahs wih Mr Johnson. Los lunes y miércoles enemos maemáicas con el profesor Johnson. The rain leaves a 7 o’clock on Saurday morning. El ren sale el sábado a las 7 en puno de la mañana.
Futuro continuo afirmativa/negativa I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
will
be celebrating this time next week.
I / You / He / She / It / We / You / They
won’t
be celebrating this time next week.
interrogativa Will
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Grammar reference
be celebrating this time next week?
Yes,
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
will.
No,
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
won’t.
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Se utiliza utiliza el futuro continuo para hablar de de acciones que creemos que estarán en curso.
In five years, I’ll be living in London and working as an engineer. Denro de cinco años, esaré viviendo en Londres y rabajando de ingeniera. •
También se puede utilizar el futuro continuo para hablar de planes de futuro y hacer predicciones.
I’ll be leaving a 3 pm. I’m picking my litle broher up from school, so I can’ be lae. Saldré a las 3. Voy a recoger a mi hermano pequeño al colegio, así que no puedo llegar arde.
to para hacer predicciones basadas en Se utiliza going to para pruebas o hechos reales.
Quick! We’re We’re going o miss he rain! ¡Rápido, que vamos a perder el ren! I saw he weaher forecas his morning. I’s going o rain his weekend. Esa mañana he viso la previsión del iempo. Ese fin de semana va a llover.
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they
respuestas cortas
Predicciones con be con be going to, to, will y may/ might •
Se utiliza may o might (not) para mostrar que no estamos muy seguros acerca de un acontecimiento futuro, pero creemos que es probable.
I migh no go o universiy – I may ge a job wih my dad. Quizás no vaya a la universidad. Puede que rabaje con mi padre. When he ges here, he may wan o speak wih you. Cuando llegue, puede que quiera hablar conigo.
Are we / you / they
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Se hacen predicciones con will/won’t cuando existe la certeza sobre una acción o acontecimiento futuros. A veces se utilizan con expresiones como I como I think (creo), I’m sure (estoy seguro) y I expect (espero).
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Se utiliza may/might en lugar de will cuando no estamos muy seguros acerca de una acción futura, pero creemos que es posible.
Don’ call afer en o’clock – we may be waching a film. No llames después de las diez; al vez esaremos viendo una película.
Grammar practice be going to and to and present tenses for the future 1 Match the sentences (1−8) with the correct
descriptions (A−C). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Martina is going to study medicine. The summer holidays start next week! We’re going to play tennis every day day.. I’m staying with my friend Gina this summer. My art class finishes in September. We’re graduating in June. I leave for Tokyo Tokyo tomorrow morning. They’re going to have a party on Saturday. Saturday.
A future intention B future arrangement C scheduled future event
2
might / will
‘I’m nervous about the exam.’ ‘Don’t worry – I’m sure you 3 .’ ‘Can I carry those glasses for you?’ ‘Yes, but be careful – you 4 them.’ be going to / might
‘Oh no! It’s It’s already too late – we 5 the train!’ 6 ‘Do you think Daniel us a lift in his car?’ car? ’ ‘I’m not sure. I’ll ask him.’
1
Circle the correct options. go on a tour of China This summer I 1 ’m going / ’ll go on 2 visit some friends of with my family. We ’re visiting / visit some my parents who live in Beijing. First, we 3’re staying / ’re going to stay with stay with them for five days and after that 4 we ’re taking / take a bus tour to some ancient historic leave next Tuesday at sites. Our flight 5leaves / will leave next arriving at 6 am 6 am (horribly early!) and it 6arrives / is arriving at 7 learn some Chinese the next day. I ’m going to learn / learn some phrases before I go, and when I get back, I 8’m going to apply / ’m applying for applying for a Chinese language course − everyone says it’ it’ss the language of the future, not starting in September English! The course 9starts / ’s starting in taking one year. I’m really looking and it 10takes / is taking one forward to learning about a new culture!
Predictions with be with be going to to, will may/might and may/might and
may / will
‘I need to borrow some brown shoes.’ ‘Brooke has some. She 7 you hers.’ ‘Do you feel confident about the future?’ ‘Yes, ‘Yes, 8 totally. I a millionaire before I’m 21!’
Future continuous 4 Write future continuous questions about the
year 2030 with the prompts. 1 people / live / until they’re 150?
Will people be living unil hey’re 150?
2 How / we / spend / our free time? 3 Where / people / go / on holiday? 4 What fashions / we / wear? 5 children / go / to school?
3 Complete the predictions with the correct form
of the verbs in the boxes.
5 Write answers to the questions in Exercise 4
need be give become break lend pass miss
using the future continuous.
might / be going to
2 People / not read / books anymore
‘I haven’t brought a coat.’ ‘It’s OK. It 1 isn’ going o be cold. They said so on the radio.’ ‘Is it cold outside?’ ‘Yes, ‘Yes, I think you 2 a coat later on.’
1 Yes / They / live / until they’re 150
Yes, hey will. They’ll be living unil hey’re 150.
3 Spaceships / take / people to Mars on holiday 4 We / design / our own clothes on computers 5 No / Children / do / all their classes online
Grammar practice
91
Grammar reference Unit 4
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Primer condicional con if, unless, when y may/might situación
consecuencia
(if /unless unless + + presente simple)
(will /won’t , may , might (not ) + infinitivo)
If you eat less junk food,
you will / may / might lose weight.
Cuando se está seguro seguro de que una situación futura when,, no if . sucederá, se utiliza when
When we ge home, I’ll look for informaion on he websie. Cuando lleguemos a casa, buscaré información en la página web. Segundo condicional con would , could y might situación imaginaria
posible consecuencia
you won’t / may not / might not lose weight.
(if + + pasado simple)
(would /could /might + infinitivo)
consecuencia
situación
If I knew him,
I would / could / might ask him.
(will /won’t , may , might (not ) + infinitivo)
(if /unless unless + + presente simple)
If I didn’t know him,
I wouldn’t / couldn’t / might not ask him.
You will / may / might lose weight
if you eat less junk food.
posible co consecuencia
situación im imaginaria (if + + pasado simple)
You won’t / may not / might not lose weight
if you don’t
(would /could /might + infinitivo)
If you don’t Unless you
eat less junk food,
unless you
eat less junk food.
interrogativa Will I lose weight
if I eat less junk food?
I would would / could could / might might ask him if I knew knew him. him. I wouldn’t / couldn’t / might not ask him
if I didn’t know him.
interrogativa
•
•
•
Se utiliza el primer condicional para hablar de situaciones posibles en el presente o el futuro y decir cuáles creemos que serán las consecuencias. A menudo se utiliza if + presente simple (afirmativo o negativo) para describir la situación, y will , may o might para hablar de la consecuencia. (not) cuando estamos seguros de la Se utiliza will (not) cuando consecuencia.
You’ll learn los of good English expressions if you wach films and TV series. Si miras muchas películas y series de elevisión aprenderás muchas expresiones en inglés. •
•
•
•
•
Grammar reference
Se utiliza would (not) cuando se está seguro acerca de la consecuencia.
Se utiliza could (not) para expresar una posibilidad o habilidad como consecuencia.
If i was Saurday, we could go ou for pizza. Si fuera sábado podríamos ir a comer una pizza. •
Se utiliza might (not) para mostrar que no estamos muy seguros acerca de la consecuencia.
If I had more free ime, I migh migh ake up he guiar. Si uviera más iempo libre, a lo mejor empezaría a ocar la guiarra. •
92
condicional para hablar de Se utiliza el segundo condicional para situaciones imaginarias en el presente y de sus posibles consecuencias. Se utiliza if + pasado simple (afirmativo o negativo) para describir la situación imaginaria, y would , could o might para la consecuencia.
Michael would ge beter marks if he didn’ spend all his ime playing compuer games. Michael sacaría mejores noas si no se pasara el día jugando al ordenador. ordenador.
Cuando queremos decir «if not » («si no») se puede unless,, seguido de un verbo afirmativo. utilizar unless
If Dad isn’ busy a work, he’ll be home a half pas six. Unless Dad is busy a work, he’ll be home a half pas six. Si papá no iene mucho rabajo, llegará a casa a las seis y media.
if you knew him?
If she didn’ like you, she wouldn’ send you exs and Twees. Si no le gusaras no e mandaría mensajes ni wees.
(not) para mostrar que no Se utiliza may/might (not) para estamos tan seguros acerca de la consecuencia.
If we go ou for dinner, I may have seak or I migh have fish. I don’ know! Si vamos a cenar, cenar, puede que pida un filee o quizás pescado. ¡No lo sé! •
Would you ask him
was o were con she e she Se utiliza was o were con I , he / e it en en la frase que comienza por if .
I’d be quie and no say anyhing if I were/w were/was as you. Si yo fuese ú, no diría nada.
Grammar practice First conditional with if , unless , and may when and when may / might
Second conditional with would , and might could and might
1
3 Write second conditional sentences with the
Circle the correct options. unless you stir / 1 The soup will burn when / unless you 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
don’t stir it stir it all the time. buy some food on the way We might buy / buy some have time. home if we have / ’ll have time. when you The sauce will get thicker unless / when you add / ’ll add the add the flour. Unless / If I If I study at the weekend I won’t pass / pass the exams. make tea and coffee when the guests I ’ll make / make tea arrive / will arrive. eat out tonight, I won’t / don’t If we eat / ’ll eat out have to cook dinner! makes a chocolate cake for Mum may / make / makes a if you ask her nicely. you unless / if you hurry up, we might get / get to get to If you ’ll hurry / hurry up, the fish and chip shop before it closes.
2 Complete the conversations with the missing
words. Circle the correct options. If I 1
butter to this recipe, do you think it better? you 4 up Mum: OK, but it won’t cook 3 the heat. 1 a add b am adding c will add 2 a tastes b is tasting c will taste 3 a when b if c unless 4 a will turn b are turning c turn
A Joey:
2
B
Where do you want to sit? If we 1 a table 2 by the window, we a great view. 3 not be so noisy if we 4 here Martina: Yes, but it in the corner. 1 a get b gets c ’ll get 2 a have b ’ll have c ’re having 3 a might b won’t c is 4 a ’re sitting b ’ll sit c sit Chris:
prompts. 1 If / Suzanna / have / enough money / go /
to expensive restaurants If Suzanna had enough money, she’d go o
expensive resaurans
.
2 Martin / could go / cycling in the park / not have /
so much homework Martin . 3 If / we / not be / so busy / might go / to the beach this weekend If . 4 Sam and Christy / only / ask / for help / if / they / really need / it Sam and Christy . 5 If / someone / give / me / a free ticket to any country / I / go / to Australia If . 4 Write questions for these answers. 1 What would you do if you didn’ need o sudy
his weekend
?
If I didn’t need to study this weekend, I might go shopping, or I might watch a movie. 2 How ? If we shared a bedroom, we’d argue every day. 3 What ? If I could have any superpower, I’d like to be able to fly. 4 Where ? If I could fly, I’d go to the moon. 5 Who ? If I could meet any film star, I’d choose Johnny Depp.
Grammar practice
93
Grammar reference Unit 5
Obligación / No obligación
Posibilidad y probabilidad
•
•
can,, can’t , could , may , might A menudo se utilizan can to para y must + infinitivo sin to para expresar el grado de posibilidad o probabilidad que creemos que puede tener una acción o acontecimiento.
I can’ be her! She never wears rainers o a pary! ¡No puede ser ella, nunca va con zapaillas deporivas a las fiesas! He’s lae. He migh be suck in a raffic jam. Llega arde. Puede que esé en medio de un aasco. You mus be ired afer all a ll ha exercise oday. Debes de esar cansada después de odo el día haciendo ejercicio ejercicio.. •
•
•
Se utiliza must si creemos que algo es muy probable.
She’s no answering her phone. She mus be sleep. No responde al eléfono. Debe de esar durmiendo. Se utiliza can’t , y no mustn’t si si algo no puede ser verdad.
She can’ be a home. I saw her leaving half an hour ago. She musn’ be be a home. No puede esar en casa. La vi salir hace media hora. 94
Grammar reference
A menudo se utiliza must cuando el hablante indica una obligación porque la considera importante.
You mus do your homework before you go o your friend’s house. Debes hacer los deberes anes de ir a casa de u amigo. I mus ge my mum a presen for her birhday. I forgo las year! Tengo que comprarle un regalo de aniversario a mi mamá. ¡El año pasado me olvidé! •
A menudo se utiliza have to cuando se habla de leyes o normas.
You have o ge good exam resuls o ge a place in his universiy universiy.. Para enrar en esa universidad hay que sacar s acar buenas noas. She’s angry because she has o ake her earrings off in school. Esá enfadada porque en la escuela la obligan a quiarse los pendienes. • • •
Must va seguido de un infinitivo sin to to.. Have to va seguido de un infinitivo infinitivo.. Se utiliza don’t have to para indicar que algo no es necesario, pero que se puede hacer si se quiere.
You can bring some s ome food o he pary if you wan, bu you don’ have o. o. Puedes raer algo de comida a la fiesa si e apeece, pero no ienes por qué.
Se utiliza could , may y might para indicar que creemos que algo es posible.
You could have a virus – ha’s why you’re feeling ill. A lo mejor ienes un virus y por eso e sienes mal. A: Who’s ha woman? A: ¿Quién es esa mujer? B: I don’ know. know. She may be his wife. B: No lo sé. Quizás es su esposa. I may be cold ouside so I’ll ake a coa. Cogeré una chaquea por si hace ha ce frío afuera. •
•
Se utiliza can’t cuando creemos que algo es imposible.
Tha can’ be Julie over here. She’s on holiday in China! Esa no puede ser Julie. Esá de vacaciones en China. Surely you can’ wan o buy ha bag? I’s so ugly! No puede ser que quieras comprare ese bolso an feo. •
Visiors mus complee he form and hen give i o he recepionis. Los visianes deben rellenar el formulario y dárselo al recepcionisa. We have o fill in his form and hen send i o he office. Debemos rellenar ese formulario y mandarlo a la oficina.
Se utiliza can para hacer afirmaciones generales sobre posibilidades.
They say ha drinking oo much coffee can give you high blood pressure. Dicen que beber demasiado café puede producir hiperensión. Try drinking more waer: i can help you feel more awake! Prueba a beber más agua: e puede ayudar a esar esa r más despiero.
Se utiliza must y have to para indicar que hace falta hacer algo.
•
Se utiliza had to para indicar que fue necesario hacer algo en el pasado.
I had o leave he pary early as I wasn’ feeling well. Tuvee que irme de la fiesa anes porque no me Tuv enconraba bien. Prohibición •
Se utiliza can’t y mustn’t para indicar que algo está prohibido por ley o normativa.
I can’ ake my new phone o school – I’s he rule. No puedo llevar mi eléfono nuevo al colegio. Son las normas. We musn’ use our calculaors in he Mahs exam. En el examen de maemáicas no podemos uilizar la calculadora.
Grammar practice Possibility and probability 1
Circle the correct options. 1 It
2
3 4
5
6
be 6 o’clock already! I’ve only just
had lunch! a can’t b mustn’t c must I think it rain later so I’m taking my coat. a must b can c may If you have a headache, aspirin help. a can b must c mustn’t You be hungry after doing so much exercise. a might b can’t c must He be aslee asleep, p, that’s why he’s not answering his phone. a could b can’t c can Don’t wait for me – I be late. a must b might c can
2 Complete the sentences with can, can’t , must or might /may /could . More than one answer is
possible for some sentences. 1 That 2 3 4 5 6
can’
be Jane – she’s away on holiday with her mum and dad. Do you think you be in a bad mood because you’re hungry? She bring him to the party party,, I don’t know – she wasn’t sure when I spoke to her. It help to talk to a friend if you have a problem. It’ss about 30º today – you It’ be very hot in that coat! A: Where’s Sarah today? B: I’m not sure, but she had a bad headache yesterday,, so she yesterday be ill.
Obligation/No obligation/ Prohibition 3 Complete the sentences with a phrase in the
box. don’t have to wear had to finish can’t use mustn’t eat have to be have to look must eat 1 You 2 3
4 5
6
have o be good at science to study
Medicine at university university.. I’ve told you before, Jimmy – you all your vegetables up, otherwise no ice cream! On Fridays, we formal clothes to the office, but we still smart – no jeans or T-shirts! It’ss OK to use a proper calculator in the exam, but It’ you mobile phones. I a project yesterday evening to have it ready for school today – I didn’t get to bed until nearly 1 am! Right, that’ that’ss it, I any more cake – I’ve already had two pieces and I’m on a diet!
4 Correct the mistake in each sentence. Find
one unnecessary word or add a missing word. 1 Susan, you must to take your library books back
before the end of term, OK?
Susan, you mus ake your …
2 I’m so tired because I had study all night. 3 They told me I can’t to take my dog on the bus. 4 I heard we don’t to have to take our sports kit to
school on Friday. 5 My mother is upset because I have do extra
homework for failing the exam. 6 You can help me make dinner if you want to, but
you don’t have.
Grammar practice
95
Grammar reference Unit 6
•
La voz pasiva: presente simple, pasado simple y will
Was he ligh bulb really invened by Edison? ¿Fue realmene realmene Edison quien invenó la bombilla? bombilla? Where is he mos coffee drunk in he world? ¿Dónde se bebe más café en el mundo?
presente simple Spanish Tigers
is aren’t
spoken in many countries. found in Africa.
•
pasado simple Writing Planes
was weren’t
invented in Asia. used until the 1900s. awarded next week. marked until the weekend.
interrogativas Will
sujeto
Will
your project be
• •
•
pasivo para hablar de Se utiliza el pasado simple pasivo para hechos del pasado.
• Los pronombres relativos se ponen al principio de las oraciones de relativo y no se repite el pronombre de sujeto cuando el sujeto del pronombre y el de la oración siguiente son el mismo.
We know a lo of people who live in he village. We know a lo of people who hey live in he village. Conocemos a mucha gene que vive vi ve en el pueblo.
•
The firs video game console was made in 1972. La primera videoconsola se fabricó en 1972. •
•
pasiva para Se utiliza will con con la forma pasiva para hablar de hechos y acciones que creemos que pasarán en el futuro.
96
•
Exam resuls will be emailed o sudens nex week. Los resulados de los exámenes se enviarán a los alumnos por correo elecrónico la semana que viene. Exra-erresrial Exra-err esrial life will be discovered soon. I’m sure of i! Prono Pro no se descubrirá vida exraerresr exraerresre, e, esoy seguro.
•
pasivo para Se utiliza by con con el pasivo para indicar quién es el responsable de la acción.
•
The book was writen by an exper in wase and recycling. El libro lo escribió un expero en residuos y reciclaje. Compeiion enries will be judged by eachers in he English deparmen. Las inscripciones al concurso serán evaluadas por profesores del deparameno de inglés. Grammar reference
Se utilizan oraciones de relativo para establecer la persona, el lugar o la cosa de la que estamos hablando.
My aun has a friend who makes lovely candles. Mi ía iene una amiga que fabrica unas velas preciosas. This is he song ha I old you abou. Ésa es la canción de la que e hablé. h ablé.
finished by Friday?
English is spoken in mos resauran, hoels and ouris offi ces. En la mayoría de resauranes, hoeles y oficinas de urismo se habla inglés. •
Pronombres relativos
be participio pasado
pasiva cuando Se utiliza la voz pasiva cuando no se sabe o no tiene interés saber quién lleva a cabo la acción. pasivo para hablar de Se utiliza el presente simple pasivo para hechos del presente.
Para hacer preguntas con will , se utiliza will + sujeto + be + participio pasado. pasado.
When will he nex chess club meeing be held? ¿Cuándo se celebrará celebrará el próximo encuenro del club de ajedrez?
will The prize will be The exams won’t be
Para hacer preguntas en presente y pasado, se utiliza utiliza la be + + sujeto + participio pasado y pasado y se forma apropiada de be be.. ponen las partículas interrogativas antes del verbo be
Se utiliza who o that para hablar de personas.
The man who/ha lives nex door o us spends every day in he garden. El hombre que vive en la casa de al lado se pasa el día en el jardín. Se utiliza that o which para hablar de cosas.
She wans o buy some boos which/ha she can wear wih jeans or a skir. Quiere comprarse unas boas que pueda llevar con ejanos o una falda. Se utiliza where para hablar de lugares.
You could ry he resauran where we had my birhday dinner.. I was lovely! dinner Podríais probar el resaurane donde celebré mi cumpleaños. Era encanador encanador.. whose para Se utiliza whose para hablar de posesiones.
Do you remember he name of he guy whose phone charger I borrowed las week? ¿Recuerdas cómo se llamaba el chico chico que me dejó el cargador del móvil la semana pasada?
Grammar practice The passive: present simple, past simple and will
6 7
1 Complete the sentences with the correct
active or passive form of the verbs in brackets. 1 The first email
was sen
8
(send)
by Ray Tomlinson in 1971. 2 In 1990, Tim Berners-Lee
Relative pronouns and clauses (develop) the World
3 4 5
6 7 8
Wide Web. Today, emails (send) by millions of people all over the world. The first radio waves (transmit) by Marconi in 1895. radio waves (use) to communicate with other planets in the future? Louis Daguerre (take) the first photograph in 1839. Photographs are still popular popular,, but film (not use) anymore. Penicillin (discover) by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
2 Rewrite the text using the passive. Add by if if
necessary. 1
The Chinese invented paper money in the 9th century AD. 2Merchants signed certificates promising to pay a certain amount of money money.. 3 European countries did not introduce paper money until more than 500 years later. 4Today, people use bank notes all over the world. 5People also make many payments using digital systems. 6In the future, digital money will replace physical money. 7People won’t use coins or notes anymore. 8You’ll only find them in museums and in history books. 1 2 3 4 5
P aper aper money was invened by he Chinese in he 9h cenury AD.
3
Circle the correct correct options. who have invented Computer scientists 1which / who have a new type of robot have just won a prize for technological innovation. They’ve invented a robot 2 that / where can where can walk and run just like a human. whose jobs involve working in People 3where / whose jobs 4 which are dangerous for humans places where / which are will find many uses for this type of robot. The robots can also work in homes 5where / which the disabled or the elderly need many types of routine whose elderly people find care. Many tasks 6which / whose elderly difficult could eventually be done by robots. Other where robots may become common places 7which / where robots include supermarkets, hospitals and schools. But some people are afraid that in the future robots 8 that / whose intelligence whose intelligence is superior to humans may take over the planet.
4 Complete the text using the relative clauses
below.
An amazing invention 1 a at the Google Science Fair recently was a communication device called TALK. It was invented by a 16-year-old boy from India 2 . 3 into letters. It is much His invention is a device cheaper than other systems 4 − some of them 5 can cost over $5,000. People need to wear a special sensor. The sensor is placed 6 variations in the person’s person’s breath, generally under the t he nose. People 7 make it difficult for them to speak can use t his device to communicate. Arsh has a website 8 about his invention and his plans for research. a b c d e f g h
that won an award where it can detect where you can read which changes human breath which are currently available whose name is Arsh Dilbagi who use the device whose medical conditions
Grammar practice
97
Grammar reference Unit 7
•
Formas -ing •
•
•
Entre las expresiones y verbos más comunes que requieren el uso de la forma -ing se encuentran be good/bad at , can’t stand , don’t mind , hate hate,, enjoy , like,, love like love,, miss miss,, practise practise,, recommend , sugge suggest st , imagine y celebrate celebrate.. Algunos verbos pueden llevar un objeto delante de la -ing.. forma -ing
We miss you elling us jokes in class. Echamos de menos que nos cuenes chises en clase. They don’ like him singing in he shower sho wer.. No les gusa que cane en la ducha. •
98
En la mayoría de verbos, se añade -ing al infinitivo.
see – seeing wach – waching buy – buying ver – viendo mirar – mirando comprar – comprando
Grammar reference
En los verbos que terminan con una vocal y una consonante,, se dobla la consonante y se añade -ing consonante -ing..
ge – geting run – running shop – shopping recibir – recibiendo correr – corriendo comprar – comprando Infinitivos •
Normalmente, se utiliza el infinitivo con to después de un adjetivo.
You were lucky o ge ickes for he mach. Tuvise suere de conseguir enradas para el parido. I’m very pleased o mee you! Encanado de conocere. My eacher’s no very easy o alk o. No es fácil hablar con mi profesora. •
También se utiliza el infinitivo con to después de algunos verbos.
Kailyn offered o help me wih my homework. Kailyn se ofreció a ayudarme con los deberes. We’vee decided o wach a film his evening. We’v Hemos decidido que esa noche vamos a ver una película. They don’ expec o have any problems. No creen que vayan a ener problemas.
Se utiliza la forma -ing después de ciertos verbos y expresiones.
She suggesed buying he phone wih he 13 megapixel camera. Sugirió comprar el eléfono con la cámara de 13 megapíxeles. I don’ mind helping you pu up he decoraions. No me impora ayudare ayu dare a colocar la decoración. •
•
También se utiliza la forma -ing después de una preposición.
My dad’s no very good a cooking, bu he ries very hard. Mi padre no es muy bueno cocinando, pero se esfuerza mucho. She spends a lo of money in going o concers. Se gasa mucho dinero en ir a concieros. We’re hinking of giving up voluneering a he hospial. Nos esamos planeando dejar el volunariado en el hospial. I’m looking forward o seeing you a Chrismas. Tengo muchas ganas gan as de vere en Navidad. •
have – having wrie – wriing save – saving ener – eniendo escribir – escribiendo ahorrar – ahorrando
forma –ing –ing como sustantivo y para Se puede utilizar la forma crear sintagmas nominales.
Swimming is grea exercise. La naación es un gran ejercicio. My favourie hobby is dancing. Mi afición favoria es bailar. Being he oldes child can be difficul someimes. A veces, ser el hijo mayor puede ser complicado. She hinks having a school s chool prom is a errible idea. Cree que el baile de graduación es una idea pésima.
-e,, se elimina la -e y En los verbos que terminan con -e -ing.. se añade -ing
•
•
Algunos de los verbos que van seguidos de un infinitivo con to to son agree,, ask , choose choose,, decide decide,, son agree expect , hope hope,, learn learn,, offer , promise promise,, seem seem,, teach teach,, wait , want y would like. like. Algunos verbos necesitan que haya un objeto antes to.. del infinitivo con to
My dad augh me o ride a bike. Mi padre me enseñó a ir en bici. I didn’ invie Nahan o come wih us. No invié a Nahan a que viniera con nosoros. •
Algunos verbos pueden tener un objeto antes del infinitivo con to to..
They asked us o urn he music down. Nos pidieron que bajáramos el volumen. She’d like everyone o ge here for 8 o’clock. Le gusaría que odos llegaran anes de la 8.
Grammar practice -ing forms forms
Infinitives Infiniti ves vs. -ing forms forms
1 Complete the text with the -ing form of the
3
verbs in the box. chat dance dress stand try go look help worry make
1
going
Circle the infinitives infinitives and -ing forms in these sentences and look at the words before them. Then match them to the rules. 1 I was amazed to see so many people at the play. 2 They suggested decorating the room with 3 4 5 6 7
2
I love to parties. I like up and I enjoy 3 to music, but I hate 4 with people that I don’t know. 5 new friends is really hard! My mum says I need to practise 6 to be more confident. What can I do?
-ing form a We use the -ing form as a noun, and to b
My sister’s having her engagement party this weekend. I don’t mind 7 to plan the party, party, but she wants me to make a speech! I can’t imagine myself 8 up in front 9 of all those people! I’m terrified of stupid! 10 about it is keeping me awake at night. What should I do?
c d e f
Infinitives
g
2 Write sentences with the prompts. Use
the past simple of the verbs provided and infinitives where necessary. 1 My sister / offer / lend / me / her new handbag
My siser offered o lend me her new handbag.
2 Simon / invite / me / dance / with him 3 We / be / amazed / get / free concert tickets 4 We / agree / watch / the fireworks / tonight 5 My friend / ask / us / go / to a party 6 It / be / difficult / talk / because of the noise 7 We / be / ready / leave / ten minutes ago 8 Which dress / you / decide / wear?
flowers. Sally’ss parents offered to take us to the prom. Sally’ I imagine people listening to my music on stage. Playing computer games is a total waste of time! He taught her to play the guitar. I’m excited about playing in the school concert.
4
make noun phrases. -ing form We use the -ing form after certain verbs and expressions. Some verbs can have an object before the -ing form. -ing form. -ing form We use the -ing form after prepositions. to after We usually use the infinitive with to after 1 adjectives. to after We use the infinitive with to after certain verbs. Some verbs need an object before the infinitive to.. with to
Circle the correct correct options. celebrating the end Debbi: I want 1 to celebrate / celebrating the of our course − let’s have a costume party! Dave: Are you joking? I can’t stand 2to dress / dressing up. dressing up. Debbi: Well I think people will enjoy 3to design / designing their designing their own costumes. Dave: I suppose so … but I’m hopeless at 4 to plan / planning parties. planning parties. Debbi: Don’t worry. I’m brilliant at 5to organise / organising things! Dave: OK, so what can I do? Debbi: I’d like you 6to get / getting hold getting hold of some lights and something to play music. doing. How many Dave: OK. That’s easy 7to do / doing. people do you plan 8to invite / inviting? inviting ? Debbi: Everyone in our class! Dave: That’s thirty people − I recommend 9 to ask / asking your asking your neighbours if they 10 mind us to have / having a having a party − it could get very noisy!
Grammar practice
99
Grammar reference •
Unit 8 El tercer condicional situación imaginaria del pasado
consecuencia imaginaria del pasado
(if + + pasado perfecto)
(would would have have + infinitivo)
If I ha had d seen seen yo your ur ema emailil,,
I woul would d hav have e call called ed you you..
If you’d known he batery was so bad, would you have bough he same mobile? Si hubieras sabido que la baería era an mala, ¿e habrías comprado el mismo móvil? How long would hey have waied for me if I’d been lae? ¿Cuáno iempo me habrían esperado si hubiera hubiera llegado arde?
If I hadn’ hadn’tt seen your email, I wouldn’t wouldn’t have called you. consecuencia imaginaria del pasado
situación imaginaria del pasado
(would would have have + infin finiiti tiv vo) (if + + pasado perfecto) I wou would ld ha have ve ca calllled ed yo you u
if I had had se seen en yo your ur em emai ail. l.
I wouldn wouldn’t ’t have have called called you you
if I hadn’ hadn’tt seen seen your your email. email.
•
Se utiliza el tercer condicional para hablar de situaciones imaginarias en el pasado y de las consecuencias imaginarias en el pasado.
Must have, can’t have, might/may/could have sujeto
verbo modal
I / You / He / She / It / We / They
must might could
•
If you hadn’ read he book, he ending of he film would have been a surprise. Si no e hubieses leído el libro e habría sorprendido el final de la película. They’d have found he exam easy if hey’d done more revision. Si hubiesen repasado más habrían enconrado fácil el examen. •
Se utiliza if + pasado perfecto (afirmativo o negativo) para describir la situación imaginaria del pasado.
If I hadn’ missed miss ed he penaly, we would have won he mach. Si no hubiera fallado el penali, habríamos ganado el parido. •
Se utiliza would (not) + have + participio pasado cuando estamos seguros de la consecuencia imaginaria del pasado.
We would have seen my broher’s new car if he’d been a home. Si mi hermano hubiese esado en casa, habríamos viso su coche nuevo. If she’d won he prize, she wouldn’ have been disappoined. Si hubiese ganado el premio no se habría h abría decepcionado. •
A menudo se utiliza el tercer condicional para hablar de cosas de las que nos arrepentimos.
If I hadn’ hadn ’ posed he phoo on Fac Facebook, ebook, my parens wouldn’ have found ou. Si no hubiera colgado la foo en Facebook, Facebook, mis padres no lo habrían descubiero. 100 Grammar reference
Para hacer preguntas con el tercer condicional, se utiliza if + pasado perfecto, (partícula interrogativa) + would (not) + (not) + sujeto + have + participio pasado. pasado.
can’t may
have
participio pasado
have
enjoyed it.
have, can’t have, have, might/may/ A menudo se utiliza must have, could have + participio pasado para pasado para explicar por qué pasó algo o para sugerir qué creemos que pasó.
My parens can’ have forgoten my birhday, so hey mus have planned a surprise. Mis padres no pueden haberse olvidado de mi aniversario, así que deben de haber preparado una sorpresa. He may have asked William, or he migh have asked Evan. He can’ remember! Puede que se lo pidiera a William o quizás a Evan. ¡No se acuerda! •
Se utiliza must have cuando creemos que nuestra explicación es la única correcta.
She isn’ answering my exs. She mus have gone o bed. No responde a mis mensajes. Debe haberse ido a la cama. •
Se utiliza can’t have para rechazar explicaciones sobre por qué ha pasado algo.
I can’ have been Emma ha old him. She doesn’ know. No pudo ser Emma quien se lo dijo. No lo sabe. •
Se utiliza might/may/could have cuando creemos que nuestra explicación puede ser correcta, pero no la única posible.
I migh have lef i on he bus. I don’ remember puting i back in my bag. Es posible que me lo dejara en el bus. No recuerdo haberlo meido de nuevo en la mochila. They may have gone o he h e pool. I’s very ho oday. Quizás han ido a la piscina. Hoy hace mucho calor. •
Se forman preguntas de respuesta Sí o No con could + sujeto + have + participio pasado. pasado.
Could aliens have visied our plane wihou us knowing? ¿Es posible que los exraerresres exraerresres hayan visiado nuesro planea sin que lo sepamos? •
Normalmente no se utilizan might y may en las preguntas No. de respuesta Sí o No.
May Isabel have known he answer?
Grammar practice must have, have, can’t have, have, might/ may/could may/coul d have
Third conditional 1 Write third conditional sentences with the
3 Write sentences with must have, can’t have and might/may/could have. Use the ideas in
prompts. Use the words in brackets. 1 Why didn’t you set the alarm? (not be late)
been If you had se he alarm, you wouldn’ have been lae
.
2 Why did he step off the path? (not fall into the
lake) He .
brackets. More than one answer is possible for some sentences. 1 Maria didn’t go to school last week. (Maybe she
2
3 Why did she leave her phone in the car? (call ( call the
police) If . 4 Why didn’t we bring any money? (buy some food) We . 5 Why did you make so much noise? (not wake the neighbours) If . 6 Why wasn’t he more careful? (not break the window) He . 2 Complete the third conditional sentences with
the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
hadn’ climbed (not climb) the wouldn’ have seen (not see) mountain, we the giant footprints. No one (believe) us if (not take) a photo. we If you (not wake) me up, I (not see) the shooting stars. Vicky (not lose) her (be) way, if the sign clearer. They (not find) him in the snow if he (not have) his phone. What (you/do) if you (see) an alien spaceship? (you/go) into the cave if you (hear) a strange noise? How (he/escape) if they (not follow) him?
1 If we
2 3
4
5
6 7
8
3 4 5
6
was ill.) She migh have been ill . Michael got a zero in his test. (I’m (I’ m sure he didn’t study much.) He . They were late. (Maybe they missed the bus.) They . He got a new bike. (I’m sure it was his birthday.) It . The film doesn’t come out until Friday Friday.. (I’m sure you haven’t seen it yet.) You . There was a lot of loud music next door last night. (I’m sure they had a party.) They .
4 Complete the mini dialogues. Use must have, can’t have and might/may/could have and
the correct form of the verbs in the box. More than one answer is possible for some sentences. go go leave take put go
1 A: Where’s Lucas? Has he gone home already? can’ hav e gone home B: No, he 1 because his bag is still here on his chair. for a A: Yes … he 2 coffee. Or maybe he’s outside. 2 C: Oh no! I can’t find my keys! D: Do you think you 3 them in your coat pocket? C: I don’t think so … Oh I know! I4 them in the door again! 3 E: Do you think the neighbours have gone on holiday? on F: No, they 5 holiday − look their car’s parked outside. they E: Yes, but 6 a taxi to the airport?
Grammar practice 101
Grammar reference «¿Dijise la verdad?» Le pregunaron si había dicho la verdad.
Unit 9 Discurso indirecto •
Cuando se citan las palabras de de alguien, a menudo debemos cambiar las formas verbales.
discurso di directo
discurso in indirecto
Presente simple ‘I want a new bike.’ ’m very ‘I’m ‘I very tired.’
Pasado simple wanted a She said (that) she wanted a new bike. was very She said (that) she was very tired.
Pasado simple Pasado perfecto spent the spent the ‘They spent the You told me (that) they had spent the night in a police cell.’ night in a police cell.
•
Cuando se citan preguntas no se utiliza interrogante.
“Where did you go afer school?” s chool?” My parens asked me where I’d been afer school. «¿Dónde fuise después del colegio?» Mis padres me pregunaron dónde había ido después del colegio colegio.. Preguntas indirectas pregu pr egunta nta dir direct ecta a
pregun pre gunta ta indir indirecta ecta Can/Could you tell me Can/Could I ask you
where the bank is?
I was wondering
where the bank is.
Presente perfecto ve never ‘They’ve ‘They’ never told anyone.’
Pasado perfecto He said (that) they had never told anyone.
Where is the bank?
will ’ll give ‘They’ll ‘They give us a book to read.’
would would give He told us (that) they would give us a book to read.
pregunta directa pregunta indirecta con respuesta sí o no
can can help ‘I can help him.’
could could help She said (that) she could help him.
•
A menudo también debemos cambiar otras palabras, como pronombres y referencias temporales.
“I’ll show you he false passpors omorrow.” ” He said he’d show me he false passpors he nex day. «Mañana e mosraré los pasapores falsos.» Dijo que al día siguiene me mosraría los pasapores falsos. •
Do you know this man?
•
•
Cuando se citan preguntas, normalmente se hacen los mismos cambios en las formas verbales, los pronombres y las referencias temporales que en el discurso indirecto. Cuando se citan preguntas con una partícula interrogativa no se añade verbo auxiliar y el orden de las palabras es el mismo que en las frases afirmativas.
Connor asked when he school rip was. Connor asked when was he school rip. Connor pregunó cuándo era la excursión con el colegio. •
No, se Cuando se citan preguntas con respuesta Sí o No, utiliza if .
“Did you ell he ruh?” They asked him if he’d old he ruh. 102 Grammar reference
you know this man? you know this man.
Las preguntas indirectas suenan más educadas que las directas. En la primera parte de las preguntas indirectas se utilizan frases determinadas como Can/ Could you tell me… ? , Do you know… ? y I was wondering… .
Could you ell me wha your broher’s name is? is ? ¿Podrías ¿P odrías decirme como se llama u hermano? Do you know how long he waied before he lef? ¿Sabes cuáno iempo esperó esperó anes de irse? •
indirectas con Cuando se forman preguntas indirectas con partícula interrogativa no se añade verbo auxiliar y el orden de las palabras es el mismo que en las frases afirmativas.
I was wondering where he kidnappers hid. I was wondering where did he kidnappers hide. Me pregunaba dónde se habían escondido los secuesradores.
Citas de preguntas •
Can/Could I ask you if I was wondering if
No hace falta cambiar las formas verbales si la situación sigue siendo válida en el momento de la cita o si es imaginaria.
“If I commited a crime, I wouldn’ alk abou a bou i online.” online.” He said ha if he h e commited a crime, he wouldn’ alk abou i online. «Si comeiera comeiera un crimen no hablaría de ello en Inerne.» Dijo que si comeiera un crimen no hablaría de ello en Inerne.
Can/Could you tell me if
•
Para formar preguntas indirectas con respuesta Sí o No se No se utiliza if .
Can I ask you if you hink she was brave? ¿Tee puedo pregunar si crees que fue valiene? ¿T valiene? I was wondering if his is Old Sree. Me preguno si eso es Old Sree.
Grammar practice Reported statements
Reported questions
1 Complete the police officer’s report. The police received a mysterious phone message: ‘Hello. My name is Mike. I live on Greenwood Road. Road. I saw some strange men going into the house next door. They looked very suspicious. I haven’t seen them here before. I don’t want to cause any trouble, but I think they might be spies. I can’t remember anything else. I’ll call you if I see them again.’
3 Read the police interview. Then complete the
The police officer reported the message to the chief inspector: ‘Good morning, chief. This morning we received a message from a man. He told us that his was name 1 Mike and that he 2 on Greenwood Road. He said he 3 some strange men going into the house next door. door. He said they 4 very suspicious and that he 5 them there before. He told us that he 6 to cause any trouble, but he 7 they 8 might be spies. He said that he anything else but he 9 us if he 10 them again.’
Can you answer some questions, please? Yes, of course. What is it about? Where were you this morning at 10 am? I was at home all day. Did you hear any unusual noises? No, I didn’t. What’s happened? It’s just routine. Has there been a crime? We’re investigating a robbery. Where did it take place? It was next door to you. Have you spoken to any neighbours today? Emma: No, I haven’t. Officer: Please will you get in touch if you hear any information? Officer: Emma: Officer: Emma: Officer: Emma: Officer: Emma: Officer: Emma: Officer:
The officer asked me
if I could answer some quesions . She
1
2 Complete the reported statements. Remember
to change pronouns and time references. 1 Martin: ‘Shelley was here yesterday.’ yesterday.’
Martin said that Shelley had been here he day
before
text with reported questions.
.
2 Jake: ‘I saw this film a week ago.’
Jake told me . 3 Vicky: ‘I’m not sure what time I’ll finish work this
asked me 2 . I said I’d been at home all day. She asked me 3 . I said no. Then 4 I asked her . She said it was routine. I asked her 5 and she said they were investigating a robbery robbery.. I asked ask ed her 6 . And she said it had been next door to my house! She asked me 7 . And then she 8 asked me .
Indirect questions
evening.’ Vicky told me
4 Rewrite the direct questions as indirect .
4 Sam: ‘We haven’t seen the film yet, but the reviews
questions. 1 Where do you live?
were very good.’ Sam told me that they
2
. 5 Jasmin: ‘Keira will call c all you tomorrow.’
3
Jasmin said that Keira .
4
6 Ellen: ‘Maria can’t come to the concert.’
Ellen said that Maria
5
. 6
Could you tell us where you live? What is your address? Could I ask What did you see? Could you tell me Who called the police? Do you know Did you see the car number plate? I was wondering Did you notice their appearance? Can I ask
Grammar practice 103
